Wksht Chapter 3 Developing Service Concepts – Core and Supplementary Element

Developing Service Concepts: Core and Supplementary Element | Overview of Chapter 3 * Planning and Creating Services * The Flower of Service * Planning and Branding Service Products * Development of New Services| I.Planning and Creating Services * A service product comprises all elements of service performance, both tangible and intangible, that create value for customers * The service concept is represented by: * A ________________ * Accompanied by ________________ ________________| Core Products and Supplementary Services * In mature industries, core products often become commodities * Supplementary services help to differentiate core products and create competitive advantage by: * Facilitating use of core product (a service or a good) * Enhancing the value and appeal of the core product| Augmenting the Core Product (Fig 3. 1) * Are supplementary services needed to facilitate use of core product or simply to add extra appeal? * Should customers be charged separately for each servic e element? * Or should all elements be bundled at a single price? | | Designing a Service Concept * ________________ * Central component that supplies the principal, problem-solving benefits customers seek * ________________ * Augment the core product, facilitating its use and enhancing its value and appeal * ________________ * Used to deliver both the core product and each of the supplementary services| |Documenting Delivery Sequence Over Time * Must address sequence in which customers will use each core and supplementary service * Determine approximate length of time required for each step * Customers may budget a specific amount of time for an activity * Information should reflect good understanding of customers, especially their: * ________________ * ________________ * ________________ * Question: Do customers’ expectations change during service delivery in light of perceived quality of each sequential encounter? | What Happens, When, in What Sequence? Time Dimension in A ugmented Product (Fig 3. 3)| Core and Supplementary Services at Luxury Hotel (Offering Much More than Cheap Motel! )| |Flowcharting Service Delivery Helps to Clarify Product Elements * Offers way to understand totality of customer’s service experience * Useful for distinguishing between core product itself and service elements that supplement core * Restaurants: Food and beverage (core) * Reservations (supplementary services) * Shows how nature of customer involvement with service organizations varies by type of service: * People processing * Possession processing * Mental Stimulus processing * Information processing| Defining Core and Supplementary Elements of Our Service Product * How is our core product defined and what supplementary elements augment it? * What product benefits create most value for customers? * Is our service package differentiated from competition in meaningful ways for target customers? * What are current levels of service on core product and each suppl ementary element? * Can we charge more for higher service levels?For example: * Faster response and execution * Better physical amenities * Easier access * Higher staffing levels * Superior caliber personnel * Alternatively, should we cut service levels and charge less? | Simple Flowchart for Delivery of a ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4)| People Processing – Stay at Motel Park Car Check In Spend Night in Room Breakfast Check Out Breakfast Prepared Maid Makes up Room | Simple Flowchart for Delivery of a ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4)| | Simple Flowchart for Delivery of ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4)| | Simple Flowchart for Delivery of ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4)| | II. The Flower of Service (Fig 3. )| How to Determine What Supplementary Services Should Be Offered * Not every core product is surrounded by supplementary elements from all eight clusters * Nature of product helps to determine: * Which supplementary services must be offered * Which might usefully be added to enhance value and ease of doing business with the organization* People-processing and high-contact services tend to have more supplementary services * Market positioning strategy helps to determine which supplementary services should be included * Firms that offer different levels of service often add extra supplementary services for each upgrade in service level | Facilitating Services—_______________| Customers often require information about how to obtain and use a product or service. Examples of elements: * Directions to service site * Schedule/service hours * Prices * Conditions of sale * Usage instructions| Facilitating Services—_______________| Customers need to know what is available and may want to secure commitment to delivery. The process should be fast and smooth. Examples of elements: * Applications * Order entry * Reservations and check-in| Facilitating Services—_______________| â€Å"How much do I owe you? † Bills should be clear, Accurate, and intelligible.Examples of elements: * Periodic statements of account activity * Machine display of amount due| Facilitating Services—_______________| Customers may pay faster and more cheerfully if youmake transactions simple and convenient for them. Examples of elements: * Self service payment * Direct to payee or intermediary Automatic deduction| Enhancing Services—_______________| Value can be added to goods and services by offering advice and consultation tailored to each customer’s needs and situation. Examples of elements: * Customized advice * Personal counseling * Management consulting| Enhancing Services—_______________| Customers who invest time and effort in visiting business and using its services deserve to be treated as welcome guests— after all, marketing invited them! Examples of elements: * Greeting * Waiting facilities and amenities * Food and beverages * Toilets and washrooms * Security| Enhancing Services—_______________| Customers prefer not to worry about looking after the personal possessions that they bring with them to a service site. Examples of elements: * Looking after possessions customers bring with them * Caring for goods purchased (or rented) by customers| Enhancing Services—EXCEPTIONS| Customers appreciate some flexibility when they make special requests and expect responsiveness when things don’t go according to plan.Examples of elements: * Special requests in advance * Complaints or compliments * Problem solving * Restitution| Managerial Implications (To develop product policy and pricing strategy) * Managers need to determine: * Which supplementary services should be offered as a standard package accompanying the core * Which supplementary elements could be offered as options for an extra charge * In general, firms that compete on a low-cost, no-frills basis needs fewer supplementary elements than those mar keting expensive, high-value-added services * Each flower petal must receive consistent care and concern to remain fresh and appealing| III. Planning and Branding Service Products|Service Products| * A product implies a defined and consistent â€Å"_____________________† and also ability of firm to differentiate its bundle of output from competitors’ * Service firms can differentiate their products in similar fashion to various â€Å"models† offered by manufacturers * Providers of more intangible services also offer a â€Å"_______________† of products * Represent an assembly of elements that are built around the core product * May include certain value-added supplementary services | Product Lines and Brands| * Most service organizations offer a line of products rather than just a single product * They may choose among three broad alternatives: * Single brand to cover all products and services * A separate, stand-alone brand for each offering * Some combi nation of these two extremes| Spectrum of Branding Alternatives (Fig 3. 8)| * Branded House – Sub brands – Endorsed Brands – House ofBrands| Offering a Branded Experience (1)| * Branding can be employed at both _______________ and _______________ levels * _______________ brand: * Easily recognized * Holds meaning to customers * Stands for a particular way of doing business * _______________ brand: * Helps firm communicate distinctive experiences and benefits associated with a specific service concept * Moving toward branded customer experience includes: * Create brand promise * Shape truly differentiated customer experience * Give employees skills, tools, and supporting processes to deliver promise * Measure and monitor| Offering a Branded Experience (2)| â€Å"The brand promise or value proposition is not a tag line, an icon, or a color or a graphic element, although all of these may contribute.It is, instead, the heart and soul of the brand†¦. † Do n Schultz | IV. Developing New Services| A Hierarchy of New Service Categories (1)| 1. Major service innovations * New core products for previously undefined markets 2. Major process innovations * Using new processes to deliver existing products with added benefits 3. Product-line extensions * Additions to current product lines 4. Process-line extensions * Alternative delivery procedures 5. Supplementary service innovations * Addition of new or improved facilitating or enhancing elements 6. Service improvements * Modest changes in the performance of current products 7.Style changes * Visible changes in service design or scripts| Reengineering Service Processes| * Service processes affect not only customers, but also cost, speed, and productivity with which desired outcome is achieved * _______________ involves analyzing and redesigning processes to achieve faster and better performance * Running tasks in parallel instead of sequence can reduce/eliminate dead time * Examination of pr ocesses can lead to creation of alternative delivery methods that constitute new service concepts * Add/eliminate supplementary services * Resequence delivery of service elements * Offer self-service ptions| Physical Goods as a Source Of New Service Ideas| * Services can be built around rentals: Alternatives to owning a physical good and/or doing work oneself * Customers can rent goods—use and return for a fee—instead of purchasing them * Customers can hire personnel to operate own or rented equipment* Any new durable good may create need for after-sales services now and in future—possession processing * Shipping * Installation * Problem-solving and consulting advice * Cleaning and maintenance * Upgrades * Removal and disposal| Creating Services as Substitutes for Owning and/or Using Goods (Fig 3. 10)| | Achieving Success in Developing New Services| * Services are not immune to high failure rates that plague new manufactured products * â€Å"dot. com† com panies * In developing new services * Core product is of secondary importance * Ability to maintain quality of the total service offering is key * Accompanying marketing support activities are vital * Market knowledge is of utmost importance| Success Factors inNew Service Development| * _______________ * Good fit between new product and firm’s image/resources * Advantage versus competition in meeting customers’ needs * Strong support from firm during/after launch * Firm understands customer purchase decision behavior * _______________ factors * Strong interfunctional cooperation and coordination * Internal marketing to educate staff on new product and its competition * Employees understand importance of new services to firm * _______________ factors * Scientific studies conducted early in development process * Product concept well defined before undertaking field studies| Summary of Chapter 3: Developing Service Concepts (1)| * Planning and creating services involve: * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting* Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary ervices: facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, order taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services: * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas * Use research to design new services * Achieve success in developing new s ervices|Summary of Chapter 3: Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve: * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services: facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, order taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services: * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas * Use research to design new services * Achieve success in developing new services| Summary of Chapter3: Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve: * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services: acilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, order taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services: * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Sty le changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas* Use research to design new services * Achieve success in developing new services| Summary of Chapter 3: Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve: * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services: facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, order taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services: * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-lin e extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas * Use research to design new services* Achieve success in developing new services| Summary of Chapter 3: Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve: * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services: facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, rder taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * S even categories of new services: * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas * Use research to design new services * Achieve success in developing new services|

Dubai’s heritage and culture for future generations Essay

There has been a sufficient mention of a profound dearth of interest in preserving Dubai’s heritage and culture for future generations. The severity of Dubai’s cultural problems (both current and impending) is an overwhelming testament to the shortfalls of various cultural players. Dubai’s cultural scene is beset by issues ranging from funding to the non-existence of a governing agency on cultural arts and activities. The lack of funding allocation for Culture, Heritage and the Arts hampers government organizations from awarding prizes for artistic/literary achievements and awarding subsidies for the pursuit of the Arts. This phenomenon holds true for the Fine Arts and Literature although the UAE government has accorded ample financial support for Festivals like the Dubai Shopping Festival and Dubai Summer Surprises and theatrical infrastructure improvements. Support for Folklores Promotion and Archeology and Heritage Campaign, however, has not been reasonable; folklore presenters being imported from Oman and Archeology and Heritage Funds mostly channeled to administrative expenses. Education, being an essential tool for information dissemination, interest stimulation, and revolutionary change has not been aptly utilized to impact artistic/cultural perspectives among Dubai’s youth. This has crucial implications for both the quality and availability of indigenous workforce in that line. There are limited schools for Drama and Theatre, Music, and Folklore. Academic trainings for Archeology and postgraduate courses for Media are unavailable in the United Arab Emirates. Insufficient emphasis is given to Fine Arts, Literature, Folklore, and Heritage in school curriculums. Commercial Music Institutes, more than being of questionable quality, are beyond affordability by some Dubai residents. Lack of public interest is often the offered rationale for these academic limitations, although initiatives focused on the dilemma could have sparked a renewed public interest in Culture and the Arts. This dearth of public interest has crucial implications for the composition of Dubai’s cultural workforce and the artistic/cultural participation among the populace. The Nationals’ interest in theatre and performing arts is in congruence with the number of theatrical activities providers- both are limited. Dubai’s Fine Arts Exhibits showcase some unique talents and the artistic experience. However, the arena is beset by commercialism and a lack of appreciation among UAE nationals. Expatriates are more keen on Emirate Arts which benefits from an artistic enthusiasm peculiar to a wealthier society segment. Dubai’s Musical Arena is characterized by a musically-inclined, musically-upbeat society, and a commercialized musical education system. Songs and dances are an important part of celebrations, and there is an inordinate demand for international concert seats. Inadequate project experience and strong public participation, however, marks Dubai’s Film Scene. The launching of the International Film Festival in 2004 and the Dubai Studio City Project are predicted to generate a strong reception on Dubai’s film, TV, and music industries. Dubai’s literary domain, mainly focused on poetry, is not supportive of the development of intellectuals and thinkers. Government-sponsored poetry awards are an insufficient compensation for the limited career prospects for literature graduates. Festivals in Dubai such as the Dubai Shopping Festival and the Dubai Summer Surprises have acquired an international reputation, drawing tourists from the Middle East and beyond. However, a highly-trained festival-hosting workforce stands in stark contrast to the unprofessional and poorly-trained folklore performers, mostly from Oman. While Dubai’s rapid economic growth has made it a preferred destination for business meetings and international events, its vantage for exhibiting local folkloric performances to an international audience has not been fully utilized. It is quite ironic in that part of the reason of the businesses’ choice of Dubai is the pursuit of some Mideastern charm. Restoration attempts on Dubai’s historic buildings and the circulation of accompanying brochures and maps in multiple international languages are commendable efforts at giving tourists a glimpse of its ancient glory. The aforementioned measures are necessary to take advantage of Dubai’s vantage in the highly-competitive heritage tourism industry. However, the unavailability of Archeology programs in the UAE academe, and hence, the dearth of local Archeology specialists consequence in expatriate archeologists having to send artifacts to their respective countries for research/examination. Dubai’s Media Sector, with its state-of-the-art infrastructure and openness to competition, is in a struggle between foreign ownership and foreign workforce domination and calculated guardianship measures against Western infiltration. The media hub, albeit accommodating of the city’s cosmopolitan composition, suffers the dearth of a commercialized local cultural content. Islam is highly-inculturated and educationally-integrated in Dubai amidst its policy of accommodation and support to non-Muslim, expatriate religions. It is only a sober fact that the beauty of Islam has been overshadowed by negative perceptions pertinent to Terrorism. By and large, Dubai’s Islamic atmosphere, liberal for its multicultural make-up, is aptly guided by the Islamic values of tolerance and moderation. Technology can accord Dubai’s Arts and Culture a distinct vantage, but it can also effect otherwise. Electronic proliferation is a global trend, and cultural domination vis-a-vis high-technology is way unpredictable. It would also be of interest to note of the inadequate coordination among various cultural and arts providers and between Dubai’s public and private sectors. Dubai’s cultural scene is oblivious to common notice because of the dearth of literature in the subject; the absence of data on usage, patterns and preferences and the paucity of surveys and researches are common themes that beset Dubai’s cultural components. It is ironic that cultural/heritage problems prevail in Dubai, while the United Arab Emirates as a whole advocates culture and heritage. In the UAE, the preservation of many of its unique archaeological and architectural sites and its manuscripts have been given special preference. Literature and customs are widely studied in schools, while museum displays, heritage villages and the restoration of vanished monuments (based on photographs, local memory and documentary evidence) have helped to create a context and feel for this cultural legacy . It appears that most of the cultural development is occurring in Abu Dhabi; in 2005 a law was passed in this city establishing Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage Authority. This new Authority’s goal is to sponsor intellectual and artistic activities and preserve the cultural heritage of the Emirates. This entails directly promoting Abu Dhabi’s cultural heritage, drawing up and implementing cultural policies, plans and programs, reviving cultural heritage projects, and organizing exhibitions and conferences on cultural heritage 1. Abu Dhabi signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the New York-based Guggenheim Foundation to establish a world-class museum devoted to modern and contemporary art, called the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi (GAD), the museum designed by the eminent architect Frank Gehry will place the Emirates as a leading international cultural destination22. The researchers have asserted that situated in the center of Abu Dhabi, there is a Cultural Foundation which is now part of the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (ADCH); this, at the heart of the capital’s cultural life benefits children, adults of all ages, UAE citizens and expatriates. One of the most significant features of the Cultural Foundation is the National Library which has well over a million books, primarily in Arabic, although there are also collections in a myriad of foreign languages. A majority of these volumes are available for reference for the public, plainly requiring a simple registration process. There is also an area for children where special programs are planned, especially during the school holidays2 . It is apparent that the culture of Dubai should be promoted in the same manner; perhaps these cities could share wealth in culture preservation through the Fine and Performing Arts and the Media.

The influence of senior management involvement on the effectiveness of Essay - 1

The influence of senior management involvement on the effectiveness of management training in selected Saudi Arabia (KSA) SMEs - Essay Example rpose of this study the effectiveness of the transfer of training within organization is defined by factors such as consensus between training participants and their senior management, better communication, team work, high spirit, move involvement of their work and faster decision making and problem solving. These factors are used as indicators of the effectiveness of the transfer of learning, because they are the ultimate aims of the management. It is important to note however that this research is based on the effectiveness of training in the workplace and effectiveness is not measured with a cost effective approach. Factors given above are used to define the effectiveness of training. From a cost effectiveness point of view, a counter argument will arise: will the senior management attending training program lead to reduced efficiency and effectiveness in their job, as they have less time to devote to their other roles. Some may suggest analyzing the cost-and-benefit of the action taken by the senior management. However this research is to study the effectiveness of training programs with or without the senior management participation. The reasons for the researcher to leave out cost-and-benefit factor are: firstly, the aim of the research is to study the human behavior after attending training; secondly, the researcher presumes the cost incurred by the whole group members of an organization is probably larger than the cost incurred by the senior management. Further complementary research could be conducted into a full cost-benefit analysis. This research concerns the relationship between the senior management and the transfer of management training effectiveness to the workplace of selected small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this country, â€Å"SMEs† mean manufacturing companies provide manufacturing related services with annual sales revenue not greater than Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAR) 25 million and with full-time employees

Why the history should not be forgotten Is the memory of the Holocaust Essay

Why the history should not be forgotten Is the memory of the Holocaust used to foster divides in Europe How - Essay Example of global focus during this annual event and it uses the opportunity to assert its existence and the need to protect the nation from external aggression, mainly from the neighboring Arab communities. There are many arguments for and against commemoration of the Holocaust. Some people feel that the history should not be forgotten. Others argue that the memory of the Holocaust is used to foster divides in Europe and should be forgotten. Jews commemorate the Holocaust as part of their history reflecting the suffering they endured in Europe under the Nazi Germany. The global event is seen as a remembrance that not only acts as a lesson and a caution against human rights violation but also as a direction towards the right course for humanity as a whole. By virtue of it being an important lesson for humanity, it should not be forgotten. Generations will come and learn through the mistakes that the world made in the past and ensure that they do not reoccur. The Holocaust formed the foundation of the United Nations, which was an international organization viewed by all nations globally as the centre of hope for humanity and the future. Remembering the Holocaust promotes a shared resolve among nations to prevent such terror from ever happening anywhere else in the world. The commemoration represents an unmistakable resolution of nations, focused at appreciating that if nations identify with the ideals they protect, they c an be preserved (Lecomte, 2006). A national day of the liberation of Auschwitz is observed in Germany when the victims of state socialism are also remembered. For the survivors, the events of Auschwitz still linger in their minds. Those whose loved ones were killed in the concentration camps still visit the sites where these camps were located in Poland and they have a right to remember, reflect and narrate the occurrences over and over again to younger people who need to understand the past events that shaped the global relations that exist today. A

Boeing and airbus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boeing and airbus - Research Paper Example The Boeing 787 series was grounded after this episode in the United States. All these incidences concerned the battery and the airplane’s electrical components. It is also reported that the airplane has two major issues within the first 52,000 of flight while it was supposed to last for up to 10 million flight hours without any problems. The solution to this problem would be to change the battery so that it would be able to contain fires better and thus become more efficient and work for longer periods. However, the causes of the battery failures are still not known and therefore the solutions given may not cover the entire problem. Therefore, as the CEO of the company, there is a need to find out the cause of the failure of the batteries in order to find suitable solutions to the existing problem (Harress). The competitors of the Boeing include the airbus and Lockheed martin. The airbus is one of the biggest passenger airplanes known worldwide. However, it has some issues that need to be dealt with. For instance, one major problem of the airbus is its sensitive warning system. The software is not able to handle manageable tolerances and, therefore, the system can be set off even with very minor problems in the aircraft. The warnings and alarms can set off an alert and even shut down a well-functioning plane (Flight Global). There is a need for the algorithm to be set straight so that it is less sensitive and to prevent further breakdown of the airbus. The issue of false alarms has made the plane unreliable and therefore many passengers avoiding it. The rest of the citizens may not be in a position to understand the defects and react accordingly and thus the loss of confidence among many customers. There is a need to come up with a better software to deal with the false alarms and to make the airplane more

Economics- Topic is on PIIGS or PIGS which refers to the economies of Research Paper

Economics- Topic is on PIIGS or PIGS which refers to the economies of portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain. Briefly explain the Piigs issue in regards to the world economy - Research Paper Example With these and several other multiplier challenges, the fate of the performance of these countries seems to be hanging on the balance. The following discourse attempts to expound on the global issues with regard to prospects of economic performance from the PIIGS countries. By virtue of being member states of the European Union that is economically unified by the Euro, PPIGS countries present a challenge not only to the eurozone but to the entire world. One of the factors making these countries to possess a critical role in world economics is therefore pegged to the fact that the Euro has grown to be an occupant of the top world currencies. According to Bercsten (7), Europe representation in world economy is directly proportional to the performance of the Euro in domestic economies which will in turn be extrapolated to a global impact. The author reckons that the position held by Europe with regard to world economic stage is very significant such that the developments in PIIGS ought to be a concern for any other economy remotely located out of Europe. According to Roubini (34), financial crises in the recent world economic occurrences can be predicted from the build up of economic vulnerabilities that the global economy was exposed to. In realization of the role played by political fortunes of a country to its prospects of economic survival, the author states that the political class ought to handle financial policies as if they did that to the entire world. The author reckons that the political interventions undertaken to cool down the PIIGS economic turmoil might not offer the appropriate solution to the entire world economy. By likening the economic crisis in PIIGS to a disease, Roubini (34) predicts that the intervention might prove to be a dangerous precedent set for the global economy by stating that the drug prescribed is toxic and

Review for the play, The Miracle Worker. (Theatre appreciation) Essay

Review for the play, The Miracle Worker. (Theatre appreciation) - Essay Example To say that the acting in this play was awesome is an understatement. Lauren Lovett as Anne Sullivan is exceptionally brilliant. What was striking about her performance among other things was her enthusiasm. I have been to many plays before, and there is always a sense of being an observer. You are watching somebody else perform, even if it is a very good performance. Rarely are you actually drawn into the play. Lauren Lovett was Anne Sullivan for this one night. As she explained things to Helen Keller which can't be seen or heard, one's own imagination was touched. And I would certainly think I was not the only person feeling like that in the Theatre. One of the things which this play, perhaps had to do was to convey to the audience what a difficult, perhaps nearly impossible task which Anne Sullivan had to do. That actually is achieved. You appreciate the enthusiasm and the dedication that Anne Sullivan had to reach young Helen. Her idealism is almost contagious. I cannot believe t hat anybody seeing this play would be cynical about humanity after leaving the theater. The Acting of Emily Jane Stewart as the young Helen Keller is another revelation. Watching her, one never for a moment thinks that one is watching an actor act as a blind and deaf girl. It actually looked like that the production went to the extent of actually recruiting a blind and deaf girl.

The Sound of an Utterance and Its Meaning Essay

The Sound of an Utterance and Its Meaning - Essay Example The theory of phonosemantics states that phonemes and meanings are inter-related, or that â€Å"phonemes are signs in some sense† (Gudwin & Queiroz 2007:177), which is a concept known as sound symbolism. Let’s first understand how mind interprets meaning of a word. Sign is something that refers to a property of an object, and when interpreted, leaves an effect on the interpreter’s mind. This effect is called meaning. If we talk about human language, words and phonemes (/st-/, /gl-/, /-ump/, /-at/) are the signs that leave an effect on humans’ brains, linking a specific meaning to the word. The study of this link between phonemes and meanings is called phonosemantics. It states that our minds process sounds quite unconsciously, like the invoking of emotions on the sound of music without the interpreter even understanding it. The hypothesis that the theory of phonosemantics holds is that, the relationship between phonemes and meanings must be arbitrary since every language has its own words for the same object or its properties. This arbitrariness is to be understood only in the sense that words acquire meanings randomly, and such words form connections with other similar-sounding or similar-meaning words with the passage of time. Once a word has acquired a meaning, both will stay interconnected forever for a specific language. 3. What is Sound Symbolism? Chan (1996:1) states that, â€Å"Sound symbolism is the study of the direct relationship between the sound of an utterance and its meaning. It is a special nature of human language, that the utterance of sound can be linked with some meaning. The sound of a child’s cry refers to his wanting attention. A loud scream refers to somebody who is in danger. Clearing the throat refers to one’s attempt to start communication. The name called to grab a person’s attention matches the acoustic restrictions of the environment in which it is being called, like we call a name unintentionally loudly if there is noise in surroundings. Sound symbolism is pervasive to human language, and plays a very important role in linguistics, â€Å"especially at the affective level† (Chan 1996:2). It explains a symbolic or metaphoric link between sounds and meanings because when we hear a sound, we interpret it and associate it with images and concepts, and respond to them emotionally. Phonosemantics goes one step further in claiming that even distinct sounds (like scream) have meanings, which are vague and metaphoric in nature. Sound symbolism involves two types of words: phonaesthetic words, and imitative words. Imitative words will be defined later. 3.1. Phonaesthetic words Phonaesthesia is the concept, originally presented by John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (Fisher 2011:85), that describes the link between phonaesthemes or phonaesthetic words and specific meanings (Trask 2000:252). Trask gives the example of â€Å"slime, slope, slush, sludge, slip slide, slosh, sl urry and slug.† All of these words start with /sl-/ and give off an idea of wet and slippery. These are phonaesthemes because they have the element of wetness in them, like when we hear these words, a kind of watery feeling comes into our minds. Hence, phonaesthetic words usually have the same combination of alphabets or consonant clusters at the beginning or ending of the words. Smith (2002:3) has given many good examples in his paper, like â€Å"

Jounal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jounal - Essay Example In a personal reflection of the chapter, it can be said that it was out of the self believe that the English had in their prowess that they succeeded in their quest to take land. Self-trust is therefore an important tool for possessing one’s dreams. Chapter 4 In this chapter, the writer gives a chronology of events that took place specifically from 1802 to 1832. Most of these events were on the relationship that the English had with the Indians. As at this time however, the English gave some level of respect to the Indians, allowing for the use of treaty in some of the cases of discourse over who should owe which piece of land. This was generally because federal laws, rather than state laws were operational in Indian territories (Wagner, 2006). From a person reflection, it is clear that the more organized a group of people are, the better it is that they will be approached with respect and dignity. This is because unlike in the second chapter when the English acted by force be cause of the absence of any laws among the Indians, the use of territorial laws helped in gaining respect from the English. Chapter 9 A lot had turned for the Indians in terms of their relationship with the English in the ninth chapter. This is because writing under the chapter heading of â€Å"The "Indian Question": From Reservation to Reorganization†, the writer gives a historical analysis of how the Indians had started gaining much self power to restructure their lands. Indeed, the implication of this change in trends was because the Indians had had a better identity of their personality. Clearly, the English had initially overpowered the Indians because they came as a united force. This time round, the Indians had learnt from the power of organization and unity and used it to their own defense (Wagner, 2006). Pages 361 – 371 Before the World War II, the Native American had had a perception that his core rights and freedoms were not being protected by the White Amer ican. This is because acts of human rights abuse and suppression of basic freedoms had gone on (Engelstad, 2005). Takaki (2008) therefore writes on the topic â€Å"Native Americans: "Why Fight the White Man's War?"† to depict the kind of dilemma that was going on within the Native Americans as to the sense in joining force for the American army. Clearly these pages of the book explain the need for equal rights and justice to prevail because no one knows the time that the services and inputs of people we disregard will become useful for our wellbeing. Kaleidoscope: Stories of the American Experience 21-31 From the 21st to the 31st pages, the writers present the story of the voyage that Giovanni da Verrazzano took in 1524. As a European, we read of Giovanni da Verrazzano taking an expedition to North America with a mission of exploring greater parts of the Atlantic coast and what is today known as Carolinas and Newfoundland (Engelstad, 2005). As the American history is being to ld therefore, homage will be paid to Giovanni da Verrazzano for being a torch that directed other people unto a land that has today come to be known as the America everyone is proud of. 75-90 From pages 75 to 90, the reader is told of â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson† where there is a visitation of Mary Rowlandson’s work. The author selects this story by Mary Rowlandson

Marketing Essay Example for Free

Marketing Essay Crispy Crunch’s main problem is that they haven’t advertised their product in many years. Since then the target market has changed a lot and has a very high multi-tasking behaviour. It is hard to pin point the exact needs and wants of this culture anymore except for one thing, they are all very technologically routed. With the internet at our finger tips, TV whenever we want, and smartphones in everyone’s pocket. That is the only thing you can really count on this day in age. The chocolate bar market is mature and experiences only modest growth annually. There are 4 major players all with similar marketing strategies; find something unique in the product and promote it. Chocolate bars can be found in the same locations and are sold at very similar prices so they must use marketing communications to distinguish themselves. Crispy Crunch has had little to none in the last five years. Crispy Crunch’s goal is to break into the top ten again and increase market share from 3.5% to 4% within 12 months. The current awareness of Crispy Crunch is 35% among the target market, which must increase significantly in order to increase market share and profits. My main recommendation is to reach out to the target market using the only real linking factor among them; the internet. I think rich media is the best way to reach this audience because it makes use of technology and is available to audiences of many different tastes and lifestyles at all hours of the day. Search advertising is when an advertiser is listed within or alongside search results in exchange for paying a fee each time someone clicks on the listing in those search results. If Crispy Crunch were to apply that type of advertising they could buy such words as â€Å"chocolate†, â€Å"crispy†, or â€Å"delicious†. When someone searched a phrase with these words they would see Crispy Crunch’s ad. Pros This is a great way to advertise since you only play for the clicks you get. It is available 24/7 to a large audience and 80% of all internet traffic begins at a search engine. Cons This form of advertising can be an annoyance to consumers, therefore they become put off the product. Rich Media Rich media Incorporates animation, sound, video and interactivity into the advertising messages, like a short commercial. Marketers have found that a 10-second ad is the maximum acceptable length for an online video ad, and if it is to be viewed entirely it must be entertaining. Pros The similarity to television makes it attractive to traditional advertisers. Many TV shows are now being viewed online; these ads are often placed at the beginning, between scenes and at the end. They are available 24/7 to a large audience. Cons Sometimes it can be hard to make an ad interesting in that short of a time frame. Some viewers find these ads to be an annoyance. Mobile Advertising Advertisers are trying to capitalize on the popularity of cell phones by sending ads via text message. Marketers interested in reaching younger targets are getting involved with text messaging. They are asking consumers to get involved with their brands by running promotions that include short codes with their marketing material, often found on posters, packaging, bottle caps, etc. Consumers can enter or scan codes to participate in contests, download free music, and get ring tones and prizes. Pros This is a great way to advertise because of the speed, directness, portability, and low cost. It is very common with younger target markets. Cons These messages are often seen as an annoyance and intrusive and are too closely related to telemarketing. Some of these ads may even cost the consumer for the data they use. Recommendations I recommend that Crispy Crunch begins advertising with the use of rich media. I think this is best suited to reach their target group which has a high multi-tasking behaviour. Many people in the age group of 18-29 year olds have hectic schedules and are now watching episodes of their favorite shows online because they are not always able to watch it and this form of television has allowed them a more flexible lifestyle around their shows schedule. Rich media also provides 24/7 access, it can reach many people at once and it is not as invasive or annoying at other methods of advertisement such as direct response, text message or email while still being very cost effective. I would also urge Crispy Crunch to stick with their previous slogan â€Å"The only thing as good as your Crispy Crunch is someone else’s.† as well as the general message of the campaign. The ads were short, funny, and to the point. I think that the people in their target market have most likely never seen the previous ads or have forgotten about them. Sometimes bringing back the old is very well received. AW did very well bringing back the vintage vibe of their restaurants. The ads from the 1989 campaign were very well received and upped market share then and I’m sure they could do it again with the same overall message, they just need the attention.

Perspectives on leadership

Perspectives on leadership Perspectives on leadership Importance of leadership The quality of leadership is one of the most important factors in determining the success and survival of groups and organization. Often effective leadership compensates for lack of equipment and resources. Leadership is not necessarily just about possessing certain traits or using a particular style although these are sometimes important. Its more about recognizing a goal and being able to influence and motivate a group towards the achievement of that goal. ABOVE COPIED FROM SHACKLETON, BUSINESS LEADERSHIP, P. 5 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bQ3YcYSASYgCpg=PA5lpg=PA5dq=%22Leadership+is+not+necessarily+just+about+possessing+certain+traits+or+using+a+particular+style+although+these+are+sometimes+important%22source=blots=h3OzY7FtNfsig=K8w9Im49rsWdDiDS55rKX39GfNkhl=enei=y61xSpfDBKaRjAeKz_WRDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1 Leadership is the ability of an individual to influence, motivate and enable others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organization of which they are members. Leadership is the ability of a person to set examples for others and lead from the front. Its an attribute that influences the environment around us. In theory leadership it shelf could not be carried out it had to be practiced. In the opinion of employees leadership is that which advances the organization goals while taking care of employees well being. There are two very important components of effective leadership. One is belief and confidence in leadership which is an indicator of employee satisfaction in the organization. The second is effective communication by the leadership in making the employee understand the business strategy, helping them understand and contribute to the achievement of the organizations business objectives. ABOVE COPIED WORD FOR WORD FROM http://www.paggu.com/work-culture/what-is-leadership-what-are-components-of-effective-leadership/ Leadership inspires the followers makes them to want to try harder and set higher goals for themselves. There are various theories on leadership. According to trait theory certain personality traits may lead people spontaneously into leadership roles. ABOVE SENTENCE COPIED FROM http://www.paggu.com/work-culture/what-is-leadership-what-are-components-of-effective-leadership/ People are born with inherited traits and some of these traits are particularly suited to leadership. People who are good leaders have the right combination of traits. Traits critical to leaders are: adaptable to situations, alert to social environment, cooperative, decisive, energetic, dominant (desire to influence others), self-confident, persistent, tolerant of stress. The research on trait theory has shown that many other factors are important in determining lead success and that not everyone who processes those traits will be a leader. While the traits may provide people with the potential for leadership is the capacity to create a vision and implement it that turns the potential into reality. ABOVE COPIED FROM SHACLETON, BUSINESS LEADERSHIP, P. 9 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bQ3YcYSASYgCpg=PA9lpg=PA9dq=%22While+the+traits+may+provide+people+with+the+potential+for+leadership%22source=blots=h3OzY7ECMhsig=hAiLWj-gtOZMQGt5cxNAracTaFghl=enei=X61xSpbIKNmrjAelrs2CDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1 Traits do matter and research in psychology is beginning to show which ones are the most important. Limitations of trait theory are that leadership traits are numerous and have different patterns. For example an approach to leadership in the manufacturing industry succeeds does not mean it would succeed in the aviation industry of the same country. A crisis or an important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out extraordinary leadership, qualities in an ordinary person; this is the Great Event theory. ABOVE COPIED FROM http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:cScXwxxv67wJ:islamicmanagementandbusiness.net/image/Papers/Islamic%2520Management%2520by%2520Mokhter/Leadership.ppt+%22A+crisis+or+an+important+event+may+cause+a+person+to+rise+to+the+occasion%22cd=1hl=enct=clnkgl=uk The Contingency theory states that there is no best way of leadership and that a leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be successful in others. The optimal leadership style is contingent upon various internal and external constraints. The most widely accepted theory today is the Transformational leadership which states that leadership skills can be mastered by people who wish to become leaders. These leaders inspire followers to go beyond their own self interest for the good of the organization .They make people to move towards a shared vision, they shared information with the employees giving them knowledge power. This style is appropriate when a new direction is needed in the company. This style also increases efficiency by giving decision making power to the front line employees and also allows the leader to use rewards and recognize behavior that will improve the work place. Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementation of plants and motivating people. The three major styles of leadership are: †¢ Authoritarian or autocratic †¢ Participative or democratic †¢ Delegative or free reign Usually good leaders use all three styles with one of them dominant but leaders tend to use only one style. Authoritarian This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want to be done and how they want it accomplished by getting the advice or feedback of their employees. This style can be used in conditions when you have all the information to solve the problem and you done have enough time and your employees are well motivated. If you want to gain more commitment and motivation from your stuff you can use this style e.g. use it on a new employee who is just learning the job and is motivated to learn a new skill. Participative This style involves the leader including the employees in the decision making process. However the leader takes the final decision. Using this style is not a sign of weakness rather its a sign of strength that your employees will appreciate. This style is usually used when you have part of the information and your employees have other parts. By having knowledgeable and skillful employees is of mutual benefit because it allows employees to become and feel part of the team and leader to make better decisions. Delegative In this style the leader allows the employees to take the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. As a leader you set priorities and delegate certain tasks. You can use this style when you fully trust your employees and have confidence in the people underneath you. There is a difference in ways leaders approach their employees. Positive leaders use rewards to motivate them. Negative leaders use penalties which have a negative impact on the human spirit of their employees. They believe that by frightening everyone will result in higher productivity but they achieve the opposite. The morale of the employees falls and this leads to lower productivity. Resent approaches of leadership Attribution theory This theory explains how individuals understand events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior and also explains the difference in level of motivation between higher and lower achievers. According to this theory high achievers are willing to take on challenges and have faith in their abilities. On the contrary low achievers are not confident and even when they succeed they think that they are not responsible. Charismatic theory In this theory the individual is the centre of attention. This theory is more like derivation of Great Man theory the followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. Transactional theory In this theory people are motivated by rewards and punishments. Social systems work best with a clear chain of command. The leader exercises bureaucratic authority .The basic objective here is task completion. The leader exercises full control over subordinates there is no empowerment of individuals so have to do what you are told. Conclusion All these theories have been followed over the years. Every theory had its positive and negative aspects. There is not one theory that can be followed completely. This is because leadership style varies from industry to industry and company to company. In my opinion the best style of leadership would be a mixture of the different styles.

Essay --

Kierra Spaulding Media Criticism 3/11/2014 Professor Seong Min Reaction Paper: Killing Us Softly 4 I agree a great deal with the films idea of the media distorting the images of women. In the beginning of the film Jean Kilbourne states that, â€Å"the average American is exposed to over 3,000 ads every single day†. Thus, the advertising industry has the power to impact our outlook on many things in society including women. The issue is that advertisers are not looking out for our best interest; their main goal is to increase profit. As a result, individuals are physically, mentally, and emotionally affected by our culture’s unrealistic ideal image of beauty. I believe that we are constantly presented with this falsehood in the media about loving our bodies; only if our bodies are conveniently situated in what society finds attractive. For example, back in 2010, Victoria’s Secret launched the â€Å"Love Your Body† campaign. While it is very important to encourage everyone to love their body, the women depicted in the campaign all have the same body type. There is nothing wrong with their body type which is considered very slender, tall, long legs, and toned. The issue is that this is the only body presented in the campaign which makes women with other body types feel inferior and not of value. To this day, Victoria’s Secret still chooses to use this particularly slender body type to advertise their lingerie and such. Contrary to Victoria’s Secret, Dove started â€Å"The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty† in 2004. The campaign was started due to the fact that it was necessary to broaden the idea of beauty because it had become limiting and unattainable. The campaign included women of all different sizes as opposed to Victor... ...le more aware of these issues. However, the problems are still not being fixed. In fact, due to the unrealistic ideals of what a women’s body should look like, there are an enormous number of girls starting as young as 6 who hate their bodies to the extent of skipping dinner. Females are driven to the point of anorexia, bulimia, as well as binge eating. Women go on extreme diets that are not realistic to stay healthy causing them to go on excessive binges which in return are even worse. The statement â€Å"If looks could kill† can actually be taken literally because women are trying to â€Å"look† the part while unfortunately killing themselves emotionally, mentally, and physically. Sources Dove Campaign http://www.dove.us/social-mission/campaign-for-real-beauty.aspx Victoria’s Secret Campaign http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/01/victorias-secret-launches_n_480435.html

Subdivisions and American Agriculture Essay -- Geography USA Essays Pa

Subdivisions and American Agriculture Across Wyoming and the West, you can see miles and miles of undeveloped land. However, in the next 100 years will that be true? This once-frontier land has had massive growths in population. For retired people, the West and Midwest are becoming more attractive due to the cheap land that is less populated. Subdivisions are moving farther and farther out into the country. From 1990 to 1995, the counties in the Rocky Mountain region increased three times faster than the rest of the United States (Theobald, Miller, and Hobbs 26). Due to this increase, other areas in the environment have been negatively affected. Numerous problems have surfaced as a result of 5 acre plots. Wildlife habitats have been disturbed through construction. In conjunction with the disturbance of wildlife, plant population and landscape have also been removed and disturbed. The recent building increases have also sparked arguments over water rights and ground water. From â€Å"Ranching the View: Subdivisions versus Agriculture,† the authors suggest subdivisions can have profound impacts on rural areas. This is primarily due to the organization of the subdivisions to gain the most housing sites possible, the subdivisions have been arranged into small plots. The houses then take up a large amount of acreage and are compacted. However, separately each individual plot is around 5 acres. And this is especially relevant if the subdivisions are located near protected areas. With an increase in human population more housing is needed. Valuable farmland, range land, and grassland have been constructed into subdivisions. Besides the subdivision layout problem, subdivisions also bring roads, fences, wells, lawns, and buildings. Ano... ...tion biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 9.2 (1995): 459-461. Agricola. 29 March 2007. http://search.ebscohost.com. Radeloff, Volker C., Hammer, Roger B., and Susan I. Stewart. "Rural and Suburban Sprawl in the U.S. Midwest from 1940 to 2000 and Its Relation to Forest Fragmentation." Conservation Biology 19.3 (2005): 793-805. Academic Search Premier. 28 March 2007. http://search.ebscohost.com. Theobald, D.M., Miller, J.R., and N.T. Hobbs. â€Å"Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat.† Landscape and Urban Planning 39 (1997): 25-36. 29 March 2007. http://search.ebscohost.com. Veech, Joseph A. "A Comparison of Landscapes Occupied by Increasing and Decreasing Populations of Grassland Birds." Conservation Biology 20.5 (2006): 1422-1432. Academic Search Premier. 29 March 2007. http://search.ebscohost.com.

Fruit and Calcium Phosphate Ca Essay

Washed, crushed livesnail or kuhol (eggs can also be used)place in a plastic container. Pestle orcrush materials Don’t use hands. Add thesame amount of molasses or Muscovadosugar. Mix sugar in ? container with fishingredients then remaining molasses. Prepare at night to prevent flies frombreeding. Apply directly to thesoil or to the ground, not to the leaves. Keep concoction from direct sunlight. Store in dry coolplace. Cover and keep in a cool place or shadedarea. Drain to extract liquid after 10 to 15days. Transfer liquid into a clean plasticbottles Wait till tiny bubbles disappearbefore sealing the cover before storing. Always leave about ? of bottle empty soIMO can breath. Calcium Phosphate Ca? P(animal bone) Induced flowering, prevent overgrowth. For older plants, it Increase calcium factor on roots and leaves. Calcium Phosphate (Ca? P) is the product which according to the plants’ lifecycle and can be fast? effective. Ca? P is applied when the plants are about to flower. Feed to animals during pregnancy or breeding timeat 200 times dilution. Spray when first flowers comes out. ex: tomato plant , cucumber, eggplant etc. Boil or broil 2 kilos ofanimal bones to separatemeat and fat untilremaining meat to thebone is charcoal blackscrape charred meat andlet it cool. Do not burnthe bone. Ratio 1:10 1 Place bone in a plasticcontainer and pour 5gallons of purecoconut or sugarcanevinegar. Cover for 30days. Filter and used. Keep air tightcontainer. 2 Calcium (eggshell and shells) Strengthen Flowers. Contributes to better utilization of carbohydrates and protein. It is also a major element in forming a cell membrane and enables smooth cell division make fruit hard and sweet. Spray CA on the leaves after the fruits has become large. They prevent overgrowth and get a sweet hard ruit. Add seawater, calcium phosphate or OHN for better taste and aroma of the fruits. It is applied when nitrogen is big. It is the most important ingredients for flowering. Wash and crushedeggshell and take theinside filament or film. Pan fry 2 kilos eggshelluntil brown, set aside andcool. Vinegar first thenpour slowly the eggshells. 1 Wait till the tiny bubbles disappear and stop. Use exact container. Cover and ferment for 20 days. Filter and use keep in airtight container..

Special Needs Assistant Requirements

Dec 2008 How do I become a Special Needs Assistant? Special Needs Assistants. Job Description Special Needs Assistants are recruited specifically to assist schools in providing the necessary non–teaching services to pupils with assessed educational needs. Their duties are assigned by the Principal acting on behalf of the Board of Management. Their work is supervised either by the Principal or another teacher as determined by the Principal. Those duties involve tasks of a non-teaching nature such as: . Preparation and tidying up of classrooms. 2. Assisting school children to board and alight from school buses. Where necessary travel as escort during school hours on school buses may be required. 3. Special assistance as necessary for children with particular difficulties e. g. helping special needs pupils with typing or writing or computers or other use of equipment. 4. Assistance with clothing, feeding, toileting and general hygiene and being mindful of health and safety needs of the pupil. 5.Assisting on out-of-school visits, walks, examinations and similar activities. 6. Assisting the teachers in the supervision of pupils during assembly, recreation and dispersal from the classroom for one reason or another. 7. Accompanying individuals or small groups who may have to be withdrawn temporarily from the classroom for one reason or another. 8. General assistance to the class teachers, under the direction of the Principal, with duties of a non-teaching nature. (Special Needs Assistants may not act as either substitute or temporary teachers.In no circumstances may they be left in sole charge of a class or group of children). 9. Participation with school development planning, where appropriate, and co-operation with any such changes with policies and practices arising from the school development process. 10. Engagement with parents of special needs pupils in both formal and informal structures as required and directed by school management. 11. Other duties app ropriate to the grade as may be determined by the needs of the pupils and the school from time to time.Special Needs Assistants may be re-assigned to other work appropriate to the grade when special needs pupils are absent or when particular urgent work demands arise. Qualifications required: The minimum level of qualification required is a Junior Certificate with passes in English, Maths and Irish. In reality many SNA applicants will have further qualifications such as the FETAC level 5 SNA certificate (single subject or full award) or the FETAC Level 5 qualification in Childcare.Some may also have third level qualifications in related fields such as Montessori, Early Childhood Education or Psychology. Experience Relevant work experience with children is very important. This can include time spent as a volunteer in a homework club, summer camp leader, sports coach, as well as being active in your childrens’ school, for example in the parents association. More information on working as a SNA is available in the Education Personnel section of the Dept of Education & Science website www. education. e or from AEGIS. Local Courses. †¢ FETAC level 5 Special Needs Assisstant single subject certificate courses have been offered as a part-time course in Abbeyleix Further Education Centre and Portarlington Adult Education Centre. Check www. laoisvec. ie †¢ Portlaoise College offers a full FETAC level 5, Special Needs Assistants course as well as a Childcare programme at the same level. www. portlaoisecollege. ie Information taken from Dept of Education & Science Website www. education. ie and INTO website www. into. ie

Ozymandius

Commanding poems that continue to be talked about and analyzed to this day. Each sonnet was published by Leigh Hunt early in 1818 in consecutive issues of his monthly Journal, The Examiner (Rumens, 2010). Even though the sonnet written by Smith has taken a back seat to Shelley in scholarly study, both poems explore the opulence of ancient history and the inevitable consequences of time. Inspired by recent discoveries in the Near East, Shelley and Smith were motivated by the words of historian Odorous Sculls who claimed the inscription on the statue of Renames II read, â€Å"King of Kings Commanding am l.If any want to know how great I am and where I lie, let him outdo me in my work† (Mimics, 2010). The motivation for these separatist poems was to create a piece of artwork that would withstand the inevitable passing of time. Unlike the crumbling boasting monuments of Ancient Egypt whose intent was to memorial their rule, their own literary words would be a piece of poetic art t hat would forever be remembered in European literature. While the differences outweigh the similarities between these woo poems, there is a uniting theme expressed by both Shelley and Smith.Each author uses the same subject, tells the same story and makes the same moral point of the arrogance of human authority and the inevitable decline of all leaders. Every great leader wants to be amortized and remembered. Time is the ceaseless enemy of this great wish of mortal men. It never stops, takes pause or shows tire as it breaks down the most triumphant of mortal monuments. Both poems use the expression of time to unite the idea that all power is fleeting as exampled by the only mains of the statue's leg.The variations in diction between Shelley and Smith allows for a vast difference of perspective. Smith, an author of historical novels and financial advisor to Shelley, lacked an overall flare that is seen in Shelley poem. However, his words reinforce the sense of loss and emptiness of t he desert and that forgotten Babylon' (Smith, 1818). Smith chooses a future perspective of someone stopping upon the ruins and wondering what greatness once resided in the Egyptian desert. His words are less imaginative and the tone of the poem comes across more loom than wrathful as compared to Shelley.There is no focus on the arrogance and harsh rule of Commanding. On the other hand, Shelley chooses to present the remains of Commanding from the narrator's perspective. The passage, â€Å"Tell that its sculptor well those passions read†, shows that the unrelenting style of rule, as depicted on the visage, was accurately portrayed to the traveler (Shelley, 1818). Shelley is able to strip focus away from Commanding' own aspiration of being amortized and draw attention to the truth of his unsympathetic reign as depicted wrought the hands of the artisan.Shelley literary style and viewpoint makes clear his disdain for ancient rule and monarchies (Solo Interactive Learning). Shelle y and Smith were both inspired by the political developments of their own day and opinions were heightened by the 1821 acquisition of a statue of Rammers II by the British Museum in London. In their own personal style, each poet conveyed the same paradox: â€Å"Commanding, the self-proclaimed King of Kings, commissioned a statue of himself to guarantee his immortality, but all that's left is a broken statue† (Durbin, 012).

A Critique of Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich

Barbara Ehrenreich’s book, Nickel and Dimed, was certainly a wonderful read and is verily able to open the reader’s eyes to a reality that is usually set aside by many. The book was originally a compilation of her researches as she went undercover to write about people who had to work multiple jobs just to make ends meet. Those people whose wages were below the minimum wage and were so busy with work they were not able to pursue their own interests and who were also supporting dependents. As a whole, the author was able to document her experiences as she wrote in her journal her everyday experiences. Through this, the readers were able to have a glimpse into the lives of people she had worked with as a waitress at Florida, a healthcare aide at Maine and a salesperson of Wal-Mart at Minnesota. To be able to do this properly, though, she had to fake her qualifications and disguise her motives from her fellow workers. As a journalist, she also had to restrain herself from pointing out her political views to her colleagues. I think her method of studying the people may have some flaws, some biases. Below would be several of them. First of all, she wasn’t really like them. These people has had different experiences and lived in a different environment unlike hers. Such factors would have made an impact on how the subjects would act as people, as workers. The author mentioned that her co-workers didn’t even ask about insurance or other possible benefits included on the job they were on and just accepted what their boss said. If the workers were people who knew about such things, they would probably ask. Then, again, even if they knew, most of them would not have time to think about such benefits as a whole because they would be too busy trying to ake ends meet anyway. Then, as one who had to experience the life of a poor worker, she was not able to live out the role very well. One, she did not have anyone who depended on her earnings—no family or siblings, unlike most of the subjects she studied. She did not feed anyone else other than herself nor did she have to consider the medical problems of other people. The author also did not trust religious organizations even when her coworkers were telling her that it would be a great help. She always refused to accept money from charities and other such organizations. People in actual situations would not be refusing such help; in fact, they would have been the ones who would be asking for help from such organizations, whether they believed in its cause or not. She also insisted on living alone, thus pay her rent by herself. She always seemed to talk about this issue but was never really able to solve such an easy problem. Real people would have gone and looked for roommates to share the rent of the house. That way, she could have saved more money and may even develop a relationship with other people. The last part of the statement was also one of the things she failed to do. Humans are social beings, that’s a fact even when there are a few who say they prefer to live alone. All people need each other and so far, the human race is progressing because of helping each other. The same principle still happens and is certainly one of the most effective ways to survive—to help one another. The author, unfortunately, was not able to build a proper relationship with her co-workers. She was not able to build a support network which most people actually have. I believe that this is one of the most vital parts in the lives of the working class. Yeah, they may be feeding more mouths and spending more, but the human companionship, the support, these extra people are giving to the workers actually motivate them to go on fighting and working. There was also this part on the book where she walks out in the middle of her shift as a worker in a restaurant just two weeks after being hired. The truth is, real people would not have done this, simply because they did not have the liberty to do so. They just could not afford to lose a job, however hard it is or low paying it is. And speaking of low-income, hard, stressful jobs, she also irresponsibly argues against corporations giving such small wages without considering the economics behind it like insurance and overhead. These things are work requirements and are deducted from the employees’ salaries. Of course, with those things, and probably additional loans, the employees would really get a small wage after all the deductions are done. Also, the fact that she seemed to give her own thoughts and comments on the issues that were tackled on the book made it less like professional journalism. Ehrenreich thought that the book was the product of undercover reporting, but it certainly lacked a bit of that sense because of the lack of objectivity of reporting the events. She was not even able to tell or relate the lives her subjects were living. She could have picked a person, tried to get to know him and be able to relate in the book more concretely the problems and issues the person was facing. Instead, the book was actually, in another point of view, mostly about her and how she coped up with living the life of such people. Sure, there were the other characters but it almost always seemed like she was the hero since the whole thing revolved around herself. The subjects she was supposed to be studying were like backdrops in her play. She really should have focused more on the lives of the people she was studying. She should have delved more on exactly how these people lived, what are the exact problems they were facing, if possible, what these people wanted, wished, they could do for themselves and what the government could do for them. I’m not saying that Ehrenreich was all the way wrong in her methods and because of that, her book was essentially ineffective. The truth is, although it would have been better with the above suggestion, it has, in effect, really opened the eyes of its readers of the many people who have jobs but still really are poor. The book certainly disproved the mindset that if one has a job, then everything’s going to be alright. It also might have made people reconsider their thoughts about the poor, saying that they are like that because they are lazy. The book shows that there are hardworking people, but unfortunately, even with all the jobs they are balancing, they are still not able to get out of the sticky web called poverty. Works Cited Ehrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001.

Reflection on Learning with Learning Contract Essay

In this assignment, I need to reflect on the situation that took place during my working group. In this reflection, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This model is a recognised framework for my reflection. Gibbs (1988) modal of reflection consists of six stages to complete one cycle which is description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan. Description I was put in groups for a week to work through a set of tasks. There was a mixture of males and females with a wide range of ages. There were some people that played a part in the group activities and there were some that did not, this was what contributed to the breakdown in communication in my group. The first day we got into groups, we had to do a learning styles questionnaire. In this questionnaire there were four types of learning styles, which where activists, reflectors, theorists and pragmatists (Honey, 1973). In my group of seven we were made up of reflectors, theorists and pragmatists. On the second day we did a group activity about the skills knowledge and attitudes that a health care professional should have. During this task we were divided has a group even more because we all had different views on what we thought was the ideal health care professional. Day three we did a Kohlberg’s moral dilemma (1981) where we had to choose whether Heinz should steal the drug or not. My group was divided on whether he should steal the drug or not. On day four we did a self and peer-evaluation questionnaire. I felt very frightened in the group setting because I preserved that I was the youngest in the group and I did not know anyone, which I was very shocked me because I am normally a very confident person. I also felt very out of place I really did not like being in a group that did not click with each other. I then started to get concerned that we would not get any of our group tasks finished. My second concern was that in a difficult situation that we might all argue because we all had such different views. But I was also excited to see what might have come out of the group tasks. I also think there should have been an icebreaker task; this would have eased us in. Evaluation The good experiences of the group tasks were that I learnt about myself and how other people work in small groups. It was also good to listen to other people’s opinions. It was also good to work with people I would not necessarily work with outside of these groups that were chosen for me. The bad points were that we has a group did not gel; there was a lack of communication throughout the whole week. I also think there should have been an icebreaker task. Analysis. There were no activists in my group and I think this is why there was a breakdown in my group because activists like to be involved in new experiences. They are open minded and enthusiastic about new ideas but get bored with implementation. They enjoy doing things and tend to act first. Where reflectors, theorists and pragmatist are more reserved and like to think first and take a back sit (Honey, 1973). Some points of the task went well which were that as a group we found out what learning styles are and what the positives and negatives of each learning style and how we can use it to better are learning enhancement. The other members of the group also contributed on what they thought each learning style meant and if they thought it was a true representation of them. But some just did not contribute I am not sure if this was because they were shy or did not want to say the wrong thing or intimidated by the large group. Conclusion I have learnt a lot for from working in my group, I learnt to put myself in the others shoes and understand why people acted in a certain way. I came away being very emphatic and willingness to understand that not everyone is not the same. But now it has become a normal way of thinking and responding to a particular situation. So I have turned my reflection into learning. I have read that the more we read and think about a situation the more we can identify they importance of reflection (Boud et al, 1994). I have also learnt that ‘‘the basic unit of communication is made up of a sender, a receiver and a message set within a particular context’’ (Ellis et al, 1994, p. 4). Action plan If the situation came up again there would be a lot I would change one of  which would be more considerate to the group member’s feelings. Secondly I will continue to reflect and study the causes of why things go wrong. Reflection is based on allowing us to ground our thoughts and keep us focused. This helps to prevent reflection going off the subject. (Dallas et al, 2005). I would also like feedback because feedback is vital for development and change. Feedback is important to the on-going development of us has humans. ‘Feedback is central to developing learners’ competence and confidence’ (londondeanery, 2010).

Personal Retirement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Retirement - Assignment Example The personal retirement planning is a disciplined and step-by step procedure that ensures a secured future retirement life. Problem Formulation and Determination of Objectives The first step in planning personal retirement is to determine the current and future objectives. For instance, among many options that are available, the most preferable option is the growth in income. On the contrary, others might consider the safety of principal investment and they prefer investment in less risky assets. Sometimes situations might require fixed periodical earnings. There is another option left for personal retirement and that is adapted by many smart individuals who prefer to invest in a basket of securities in order to diversify investment rather than concentrating the entire investable fund in single option (Goetzmann & Kumar, 2008, pp.1-10). Some individuals with higher risk appetite might also prefer investment in relatively risky securities in order to earn higher returns in future (Sta tman, 2004, pp.50-51). Hence, it is possible that the requirement on one individual will not be the same as other thus the requirement objectives are likely to vary from one individual to another (Grinold & Kahn, No Date, p.2). So, if I prefer higher current consumption assuming that the future is uncertain, others might like to create a safer future for their family and children (Montana State University, 2010) and the reverse scenario is also applicable. For my personal retirement problem I plan to efficiently balance and allocate current consumption and future consumption by vesting the available investible fund in various retirement options and thus bring certainty in future earnings. Determination of Investible Funds My post retirement income may come from sources such as pensions, social security, trusts, or annuities. The remaining required amount that I might fall short of (for purchasing assets or sudden contingent requirements etc.) may be covered by accumulated savings be fore retirement or through investment. In order to formulate my personal retirement plan I need to make two important assumptions as follows: Assuming that I have a fixed investible amount of $50,000 and my current earnings are $2000; Assuming that I would not require consuming any part of fixed investible fund unless there is an emergency requirement. Hence, according to this basic framework it can be said that I would like to carry out my daily activities financed by my current income and for any other purpose such as asset purchase, medical treatment, education fee payment, etc. will be funded through investment or owed funds. Determination of Retirement Age and Expected Future Earnings According to the RES (Retirement Eligibility and Services) and Federal Employee Retirement System that assesses the eligibility criteria for the annuity benefits for individual, the social security administration (SSA) benefits will be available to an individual as and on the day he or she retires . So, from the above discussion and eligibility criteria I would prefer my minimum age of retirement to be 60 years in the personal retireme

Analysis - Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day Essay

Analysis - Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day - Essay Example Love baffles definition, as each lover sees a new horizon; one may cross the moon, beat the stars but probe one must the tiny heart engulfed in love which is mysterious and fantasises of challenging time to remain forever young.† The generous use of figures of speech Shakespeare is generous in introducing many figures of speech in this poem. He refers to the sun as â€Å"the eye of the heaven.† He is fascinated about youth of the beloved of the young man which he ardently hopes that it shall not fade, by stating, â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade.† He is greatly impressed and believes that it will remain permanent and it will challenge to withstand the vagaries of the nature. His fondly hopes that her beauty will outgrow the normal growth and decay that is evident in nature. Shakespeare through this sonnet glorifies and takes love to unimaginable, rather impossible heights. The challenges of summer are many. The young man is aware of all the tough issues related to the summer, the wear and tear effect it will have on the human body and yet hopes that his beloved will successfully challenge all such adversaries and will retain her youthful bloom. Summers are shaken by â€Å"rough winds† and the sun is â€Å"too hot.† But as for the beloved, his trusts that â€Å"Thy eternal summer shall not fade† and the beauty shall remain preserved forever â€Å"as long as men can breathe or eyes can see.† Poetry and art—the ladders to the divine kingdom Wise people say that poetry, art and music are closest to the heart of God. The best words of love are spoken in simple and hearty language. Simplicity oozes out through the lines of this sonnet and one experiences the loveliness of praise of the beloved and how intelligently Shakespeare keeps the two hearts engaged. Figures of speech are the delicate tools with which he chisels the beauty of the poem. He emphasises the harshness of the summer and admires the mil d and temperate (cool) looks of his beloved. He describes the transition in nature by stating â€Å"darling buds of May,† paving way to the â€Å"eternal summer.† That is the assurance of the young man to his beloved. The power of the poem is in its defiance of time and natural processes of decay and the young man is confident about the youth of his beloved that will last forever, and it will be transmitted to future generations to experience and appreciate. The poet may praise time, taunt it or plead with it, but time will not stop its game. Nature, art and time are great contenders but time is the ultimate victor. The sonnet establishes the inevitable connection between the passage of time, the fleeting, transient life, beauty and the ageing process. Shakespeare’s fervent desire is love should conquer age and time, and at the same time he understands well the futility of his desire. Some backgrounder information relating to sonnets, and this sonnet in particul ar Sonnets are generally associated with romantic love to express feelings for the beloveds and the patrons of poets. Noblemen of the yore loved self-praise and they took the support of poets through their talents to satisfy their inflated ego. Addressing young men in sonnets was prevalent in Elizabethan England and this sonnet falls into that category. Such sonnets, with their idealised love provided the welcome relief to the readers

Sustainability in chemical engineering Research Paper

Sustainability in chemical engineering - Research Paper Example Sustainable chemistry is the â€Å"chemistry that contributes to securing the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Christensen, 2009). Chemical Engineering is a course or program that plays a significant role in sustaining a society through manufacturing products and making processes for a better environment. Chemical Engineering contributes to sustainability through green chemistry. The terms ‘green chemistry’ and ‘sustainable chemistry’ are used interchangeably (Hardy, 2004). The purpose of green chemistry is to eliminate or reduce the risk of chemical hazards which in turn obviates the need to establish expensive exposure controls and prevents accidents leading to environmental incidents. Research in green chemistry is directed at alternative feedstocks, reagents and catalysts, environmentally benign solvents, and making of recyclable chemical products. This is achieved by giving bio-based feedstocks preference over petroleum-based sources. For example, the important intermediaries of commodity chemicals’ production; adipic acid, catechol, and hydroquinone can be produced from glucose as a raw material instead of benzene (Abraham, 2005, p. 168). While recycling increases the overall production, the cost of production is reduced because waste materials are used rather than getting disposed off. The importance of clean air, clean water, and safe environment highlights the significance of green chemistry. Chemical engineering has contributed to the increase of sustainability by introducing a range of efficient and productive systems including the large lake bio-complexity systems, systems dynamic modeling and ecological engineering and restoration. Sustainable development is based on the approach to service systems and industrial products’ manufacturing. Companies like General motors and HP are using â€Å"design for environment† techniques

Watch film and then write the critical views of the film Essay

Watch film and then write the critical views of the film - Essay Example The Future of Food tends to explain in a systematic and organized manner as to how the much praised Green Revolution had a debilitating influence on the small farmers and how it benefitted the large corporations. The objective of the Green Revolution was to facilitate a massive increase in the overall production of crops in the poor or developing nations by promoting an extensive use of high yielding varieties of crops, chemical pesticides and artificial fertilizers (Belasco 116). The basic objective of Green Revolution was to make way for a larger production of food crops that could help the poor nations deal with the long pending issues like hunger and mal-nutrition. However, it is sad to say that though Green Revolution did help the developing nations to some extent, yet the economics of Green Revolution was primarily hijacked by the big multinational pesticide and fertilizer producers. The high yield varieties of crops were so modified that they worked only when treated with spec ific fertilizers and pesticides (Belasco 116). Thereby, this approach towards Green Revolution eventually ended up filling the coffers of large multinational corporations dealing in pesticides and fertilizers. However, it will be true to say that The Future of Food was very constrained about how Green Revolution did benefit large number of hungry and mal-nourished people around the world. The other ironic revelation extended by The Future of Food is that going by the fact that the economics of Green Revolution was skewed in favor of powerful multinational corporations and rich farmers, it negatively impacted the small framers the world over and diluted their role in the larger food economics (Belasco 116). Though, industrial farming aimed to produce massive quantities of crops, on a large scale by resorting to the usage of modern technology and by influencing the economics and politics of food at an international level, yet, actually speaking

Benefits of Hodges University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benefits of Hodges University - Essay Example Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting ideas verbally, nonverbally, and through the use of technology. Communication is very important, particularly for those who are aspiring to build a career in the field of education. In the course of my studies at the University, I learned the ways and significance of organizing thoughts. Communication must involve description, examples, reasons, and/or research to support assertions. Otherwise, the audience may be misled, which can be extremely dangerous in the teaching profession. Appropriate sentence structure and word selection are crucial since these linguistic skills would ultimately help me to express my ideas and interpretations. Also, the training imparted on using the software tools, electronic media, etc. would help me to increase interactivity during communication, especially while delivering a speech or writing an essay.Critical thinking involves thoughtful judgment, reflective decision making, application of rea sons, and drawing conclusions. Analysis and logic are the pillars of critical thinking. The University curriculum provided me with crucial articulation skills and knowledge in search strategies. It also helped me to learn how to interpret and analyze relationships, concepts, and facts on the basis of evidence and data. I learned how to clarify that whether I support, oppose, or remain neutral regarding a topic or belief. Also, I learned how to consider different viewpoints in the course of eliminating contradictions.

Do High-Stakes Assessments Improve Learning Essay

Do High-Stakes Assessments Improve Learning - Essay Example 5), of which high-stakes assessment was deemed crucial in improving student achievement and learning. However, various studies have revealed contradictory results regarding its effect on students’ academic performance. Do High-Stakes Assessments Improve Learning? One, therefore, contends that high-stakes assessment does not improve the overall achievement and learning of students. Proponents of high-stakes assessment argue that â€Å"when faced with large incentives and threatening punishments, administrators, teachers, and students, it is believed, will take schooling more seriously and work harder to obtain rewards and avoid humiliating punishments† (Nichols, Glass, & Berliner, 2005, p. 1). ... ssessments implemented in various educational institutions throughout the United States have apparently generated contradictory results (Nichols, Glass, & Berliner, 2005; Amrein & Berliner, 2002). The study conducted by Nichols, Glass, & Berliner (2005) revealed that â€Å"there is no convincing evidence that the pressure associated with high-stakes testing leads to any important benefits for students’ achievement† (p. iii). This finding was corroborated in the study made by Amrein & Berliner (2002) which disclosed that â€Å"there is inadequate evidence to support the proposition that high-stakes tests and high school graduation exams increase student achievement. The data presented in this study suggest that after the implementation of high-stakes tests, nothing much happens† (p. 57). A closer evaluation of the reasons why high stakes assessment do not seem to apparently improve learning since high-stakes assessment were reported to be closely linked to ‘ pressure’ that contributes to an apparent temporary or superficial increase in academic achievement ratings. As emphasized by Supovitz (2010), â€Å"high-stakes testing does motivate educators, but responses are often superficial. In the best cases, high-stakes testing has focused instruction toward important and developmentally appropriate literacy and numeracy skills—but at the expense of a narrower curricular experience for students and a steadier diet of test preparation activities in classrooms, particularly in low-performing schools, which are the targets of test-based accountability† (par. 10). This fact was supported by Nichols, Glass, & Berliner (2005) who indicated that â€Å"high-stakes testing pressure might produce effects only at the simplest level of the school curriculum: primary school arithmetic,

Types of Risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Types of Risk - Assignment Example Even though, these value risk models are utilized to quantify risks in the market but there are few limitations that are addressed using stress tests that study the movements of the market on hypothetical grounds (Yufeng, 2011). Supply chains have the aim to increase productivity, ensure cost effective practices and fulfill demands of the markets. However, there are many risks that may disrupt their working thus, in order to manage the risks involved the first step into place them into supply chain risk management (SCRM) (Tummala & Schoenherr, 2011). This would enable them to identify the operations, resources and the sources through which information inflows and outflows, through co-citation analysis. The changing interest are identified in SCRM and then tools such as Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) can be used appropriately in SCRM. Moreover, pricing policies and analysis tools can examine the risks involved in supply chain that help manage supply chain risks in an effective way(Nurmaya, 2012). Credit risk is the kind of risk associated with market and customers. This risk arises when a business feels that borrowers might not pay their debt on time or due date. Thus, in this regard, credit can be managed by setting credits limit. The limits of credits are based on credit ratings. Likewise, funding or liquidity risk occurs when there is the risk that a person is not able to meet his obligations to provide loan commitments. The techniques associated with mitigating funding technique are holding liquid assets, securitizations, creating contingency plans, portfolio management techniques, having extensive databases on defaults and having credit insurance products. Due to increasing number of credit related losses, companies require new analytical solutions to make improvements in their databases