Effect of Incentives on Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effect of Incentives on Employees - Essay Example The concepts of recognition and reward have been found to have close link with incentives. The main purpose of incentives is to increase the motivation of the employees in any organization towards attainment of their specific organizational and performance goals. It also leads to increased motivation to work as a team towards the attainment of a common goal of the members in an organization. In simple words, incentives are rewards and recognition given to an employee beyond their expected salary. (Incentives Get Employees Working) The most common form of incentive is any kind of monetary reward to the employee. Several other kinds of incentives include a free trip, promotion on trail basis, a free holiday, gifts, discount coupons and vouchers. However, these are not the only form of incentives and there are many more, which differ according to the demand of the situation. (Incentives Get Employees Working) Incentives are given to increase the motivation of the employees. Since money has a considerable effect on the increase in the levels of motivation, money is considered to be a great incentive in most, if not all the organizations. There have been a number of studies that have proven that incentives in the form of cash prize have been successful in obtaining the desired outcome from the employees. Not only money, but several other incentives have also proven to be effective. However, it's not in all the cases that incentives such as money, will defiantly lead to the desired outcome or attainment of organizational goals. Not all the incentives lead to satisfaction in the employees. There are several reasons for this, the first being disappearance of intrinsic or intangible incentives, followed by hierarchy of needs and saturation level. Absence of Intrinsic/Extrinsic Incentive When behaviour is followed with the greed in mind solely for extrinsic rewards, then the performance decreases. For instance, a doctor who did his job because he liked helping people, now does it with only one purpose of gaining more money, would charge more and work less. This reduces his performance; however his extrinsic incentive has risen. This equally applies to employees as well. In some cases, also if the employee gains more satisfaction by intrinsic rewards, then extrinsic incentives will not lead to increased motivation and vice versa. (Management Implications of the Interaction between Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Rewards) Hierarchy of Needs According to Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation, every individual has needs that are set in levels of hierarchy. When the first level is achieved, the individual moves on to the second level of his needs. However, while he is struggling to achieve his second level of need, if the individual is given the first level of need, it doesn't motivate the individual at all. When applying this to any organization, incentives could at times cause dissatisfaction in the employee leading to decrease in performance. For instance, if an individual's current need is to buy a car and he puts all his efforts to attain the goals of the organization

Customer Service- Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customer Service- Reflection Paper - Assignment Example My perspective on customer service centers on the immense benefits that it has on the organization. In this regard, therefore, I believe that it is essential for any organization to undertake customer service in order to equip employees with excellent customer relations qualities (Online Trainees, 2013). When I first learnt about customer service, I found some ideas quite interesting to me. One of the most interesting ideas was research; I came to learn that any customer training program has to incorporate research. This helps the organization to understand the needs of their customers. Another important idea is training; employees have to be subjected to training on a continuous basis as this helps them the needs of customers. My philosophy of customer service is based on the belief that customers are crucial in determining the success of an organization. As such, employees of the customer service department should possess the requisite knowledge on how to handle customers. As a customer service manager, I will apply the concepts of this course my job. The principles will help me manage my staff and teach them skills on how to handle customers with care. Apple can be credited as a company that provides excellent customer service. Over the years, Apple has provided customer service through an online platform that allows customers to get support from the staff. Through such a platform, customers can gain knowledge on the products offered by the company and the availability of the

Facing Challenges with Strategic Management

Facing Challenges with Strategic Management 1.0 Introduction Poh Kong, is a jewelry company founded by Cheong Teck Chong and Choon Yee Seiong which established first outlet in year 1976 located in Petaling Jaya. Besides, since 2004, Poh Kong has been listed in Bursa Malaysia, yet they owned a manufacturing plant in Shah Alam KL (PohKong, n.d.). Nowadays, Poh Kong was the leader of jewelry industry because of its tremendous growth and their core business philosophies, which are Quality, Value, Trust, and Choice. Furthermore, in targeting different customers range, they had several in house brands such as Anggun, Tranz, Happy Love, and The Art of Auspicious. Besides, Poh Kong was the licensee for Disney Collection and sole distributor for famous brand such as Luca Carati, Schoeffel, Hemera Diamond and Angel Diamond (Gal, 2016). In 2011, Poh Kong reached its 100th outlet in Peninsula Malaysia. Poh Kong reaffirmed by RAM Ratings Services Berhad as largest jewellery retail chain store in Malaysia in 2014. Other than that, it also awarded the Malaysias Top 10 Retailers in the Asia, Putra Brand Award and Creative ASEAN Jewellery Design Award (Cleffairy, 2015). Besides, Poh Kong truly understands their business is strongly reliance on brand name and brand reputation, therefore, Corporate Social Responsibility also a main concern of Poh Kong. For instance, national cancer survivals day, charity golf, water vending machine, Malaysia AEON Foundation (MAF) fund raising and etc. are parts of the CSR from Poh Kong (TheStar, 2013). According to annual report of year 2015, we observed that Poh Kong has a big drop in earnings before tax since year 2012, but it has successfully recover after year 2014. Besides, the executive chairman and group managing director, Datuk Choon Yee Seiong has claimed that year 2016 is challenging for gold jewelry industry due to the fluctuation of dropping of global gold price (Toh, 2016) and reduced demand for jewellery and gold related investment products (Poh Kong, 2016). In this study, we are aiming to have more understanding on how a company could deal with the challenge faced by using strategic management, how strategic management could actually help to analyze issues more comprehensively and conducting various analyses and formulation of strategic plans. 2.0 SWOT Analysis 2.1 (S)trengths Poh Kong Holdings Berhad was the largest of gold jewelleries retailer in Malaysia. As market leader, Poh Kong has a strong reputation, market position and advantage in expanding their business as stated in annual report, Poh Kong has total of 106 outlets across 9 states in year 2014 (PohKong, n.d.). Poh Kongs outlet showroom are much higher than its competitor, for instance, Tomei (52 retail outlets), Wah Chan (42 outlets), and Habib (more than 30 outlets). Partnership with Moraglione, a well-known jewellery brand from Italy has increased Poh Kongs product variety and jewellery types. Besides, they able to compete with other international brands and has the opportunity to expand its business to abroad (Najumudeen, 2012). Furthermore, Poh Kong has a strong financial position. Poh Kong group revenue and pre-tax profit in year 2015 are higher than 2014 while margins have been improved by cost control initiatives (Poh Kong, 2015). They have the flexibility in financial and lower interest rate and liquidity risk as result from fail to loan repayment. Large cash reserves make them have advantage in long term investments. 2.2 (W)eaknesses Poh Kong only covers Malaysia regions, they didnt export their products as a way to expand their business (Bernama, 2013). Besides, all of the 106 outlets are located at 10 states from peninsular Malaysia. Consumers from East Malaysia unable to purchase any jewellery from Poh Kong due to theres yet to be any outlets in Sabah and Sarawak, expansion of Poh Kong outlets in East Malaysia was planned and estimated to be happen in 2017. Poh Kong are selling their products through online platform like Lazada and 11Street however they will be a limited selection for consumer from East Malaysia (Poh Kong, 2017). Low customer satisfaction is one of the weaknesses. Poh Kong has differentiated their outlet into Diamond Gold outlets and retail concept stores, for instance, Diamond Boutique, Gold Boutique, Jade Gallery and Oro Bianco. These stores are used to meet the needs of different targets markets (PressReader, 2016). However, it was a challenge and tough for Poh Kong to maintain each branch in similar environment and caused low customer satisfaction. Besides, internal competition was caused by the reason of selling similar products in the market. 2.3 (O)pportunity Malaysia enjoying a zero duty for exporting jewellery product under China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), in addition, China currently glittering demand of jewellery market and import permit has been carried out for foreign importers who wish to import jewellery products into China (Miti, n.d.). Hence, it becomes the opportunity for Poh Kong to expand its business to China market. Poh Kong can grow demand of gold bar in market. Due to poor economy and fluctuation on Malaysia Ringgit, investment in gold is better than invest in stocks. According to Nwazor (2016), gold is a safe investment. Besides, investment in gold can remain constant for few years as judged from history. Due to its recognized value by worldwide, gold was used as the world reserve currency until recently (Smith, n.d). Fluctuation of gold price not guaranteed increase sales of jewellers, however it could benefits company in terms of cost of production. Gold price in 2013 was at a historical high of US$1900 an ounce, dropped to US$1150 per ounce in 2014, increased to US$1364 per ounce in July 2016 and slightly dropped to US$1234 per ounce in early March 2017. It has utilized the cost saving and used it for marketing purposes to boost sales (VnBusinessreg, n.d.). 2.4 (T)hreat Competition is one of the threats for Poh Kong. As results, consumer can choose for other alternatives from different jewellers since Poh Kong is not the only player (Euromonitor, 2015). Mainly jewellery products are differentiated based on their design. If Poh Kong offers less variety of design, consumer will choose their preferred design from their competitor. Besides, mostly jewellery outlets operates near to competitors, under those circumstances, consumer will compare price and design easily. Slowdown of economy will cause a reduction on consumers spending (Fmt, 2015). Obviously, the poor economic condition had caused increase of price of electricity and other costs which could affect Poh Kong to increase their price of goods. The growing in price of jewellery and gold from time to time has caused a drop in demand for jewellery. Moreover, jewellery is luxury goods, people will only consider to purchase jewellery when there is surplus after consume on daily necessities. Goods and Service Tax (GST) in Malaysia. A study by Nielsen, a global information and measurement company had proved that four in five Malaysian consumers are cutting back on shopping expenditure to increase household savings after the adoption of GST. It has affected Malaysian spending behaviour (Ida, 2015). 3.0 Industry Analysis Porter five forces 3.1 Threat of New Entrants Threat of new entrants for jewelry industry is low. There is low in threat of new entrants for jewelry industry due to it requires high capital start up (Din, 2015). A company must spend high figure in money in order to compete in the market and high capital requirements positively affect the Jewelry industry because it will lead to an increase in profits for the entity. According to Bhobe (2014) several of the existing firms have contracts with well-known jewelry distributing companies. New entrants may face difficulty to contract with these companies due to lack of financial status. Brand recognition also is an important competitive advantage and requires high investment costs and time in order to build strong brand name (WikiWealth, 2014). Therefore, new entrants that without a reputable name which may cause doubt from a diamond distributing company therefore no contract will be created. In addition, existing firms has experience economies of scale from large investments in research and development or brand advertising. As result, the entry into the market is getting increasingly difficult due to the growth of companies already established in the industry. 3.2 Threat of Substitute Products The threat of substitution is high in jewelry industry. It based on the relative price and performance of the competitors products and on customers willingness to consider the substitutes. They could potentially attract a significant proportion of market volume and reduce the potential sales volume for existing players. This category also relates to complementary products. For example, Poh Kong facing competition from substitutes jewelry which made of silver, platinum, diamonds and pearls. Costume or imitation jewelry also provided consumers with an alternative to look good but at a cheaper cost. Safiyuddin (2015) indicates that the price elasticity is affected by substitute products. When high substitutes available it causes the demand become more elastic since consumers have more alternative selection. Thus, a close substitute product constrains the ability of firms in the industry to increase   prices. 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of suppliers for jewelry industry is moderate. According to Durant (2014) indicates that there is low bargaining power of suppliers when they are reliant on high volumes because of producer can threaten to cut volumes and affect the profits of the supplier. Besides, there are many gold jewelry suppliers in Malaysia such as Tomei Group, Niche Capital Emas Holding, DeGem or Habib Jewels (Mehta, 2016). Therefore, the switching cost to other supplier will be lower. On the other hand, for certain high quality diamonds and some precious gems are rare sources thus is little surplus of the capacity which allows for prices relatively high. Since these precious gems and diamond can bring great value to the firms, therefore the power of supplier will be slightly increased (Thompson, 2008). 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers The bargaining power of buyers in this industry is high. In this industry, buyers have high bargaining power because there are many competing and viable sources to purchase jewelry from. According to Safiyuddin (2014), there are 3000 local gold jewelry retail outlets in Malaysia. Thus, customers bargaining power increased since there is a lot of selection of the jewelry stores. In Malaysia, the number of internet user is increasing from year to year and customer can easily get the product information from the internet. Due to the high information availability, customer can make comparison on the design and services between the jewelry stores. In addition, customers are free to shift to any other jeweler and the switching costs for customer are low. 3.5 Rivalry among Present Competitors The rivalry among competing sellers in this industry is high. There are large numbers of jewelry stores that are currently operating in Malaysia including local and foreign jewelry store (Din, 2015). They are competing to attract the same number of resources and customer. They also compete to boost their brand recognition and improve their quality of services in order to gain market shares. Poh Kong and other jewelry store like Habib Jewel struggle for market leadership. Moreover, jewelry industry companies are considered mass merchandisers or limited line jewelers generally compete on the basis of price. The companies have created a stagnant industry that now competes by taking market share away from the other players yet creates price wars among most of the firms in the industry. Besides, the major players such as Habib, Degem and other competitors are trying to lobby for competitive advantage in these areas. 3.6 Conclusion based on the Porters Five Forces Based on the industry analysis, this jewelry industry is quite attractive because the large economies of scale make it very hard for new entrants to compete in this industry. The more assets the firm has, the greater the firm ability to take advantage of economies of scale. Besides, the threat of substitutes is reducing because gold has inherent investment value which is further reinforced by industry buy-back policy (Bharl, 2016). In other words, gold jewelry retail outlets would purchase old jewelry at prevailing gold prices and provides an avenue for consumers to upgrade or change their existing jewelry sets. This is one of the ways to increase sales volume and also build up customer loyalty. 4.0 Competitive Analysis The size of circle for each competitor is based on the annual revenue in 2015 as Tomeis annual report will only announce on April every year. The revenue for Pandora is RM 16.7 billion (Annual Report, n.d.); Poh Kong is RM 0.8 billion (Poh Kong, 2015 ­); Tomei and Wah Chan and almost the same revenue which is RM 0.5 billion (Annual Report, n.d.); and Sk Jewelry is RM 0.1 billion (Sookee, n.d.). There are a lot of competitors have been entered and also established in the jewelry industry. Although there are a lot competitors in the jewelry marketplace but they are offering different design of the product with different brand and price. Besides, they also were using different promotion strategies to promote their product in order to boost their sales. From the group mapping, we can know that Poh Kong is the one who offered the wide product line breath as compare to other competitors such as Pandora, Tomei, Wah Chan, and Sk Jewelry. Besides from offering yellow gold and silver jewelry, Poh Kong also has offered pearl, jade and diamond jewelry to customer. In order to meet the customer needs and requirements, Poh Kong has their own manufacturer in Shah Alam, so they able to manufacture and design the jewelries that customer preferred and requested (Poh Kong, n.d.). Therefore, by satisfying the customers need and want, Poh Kong able to compete with other competitors and survive in the marketplace. Moreover, as we know that gold bar and gold coin is an investment product in long term. Poh Kong not only offered and provided a gold bar and gold coin but they also offered wide range of gold jewelry with different design such as Tranz, Anggun, Auspicious, Bombay Collection, Disney, and Happy Love (Poh Kong, n.d.). Other competitors just offered few design of gold jewelries as compare to Poh Kong. Thus, the variety products that offered by Poh Kong is able to serve for more customer types and able to attract more customer to buy. It will increase the sale and profit of the company in short term. 4.1 Price Based on the strategy group mapping, it shown that the price of diamond ring that offered by Poh Kong is slightly higher than Wah Chan but lower than Sk Jewelry. The reason that we compare to the price of the diamond ring is because different jewelry retailers may offer different price for the carat of the diamond ring. The strategy group mapping has shown that the price of the diamond ring from Sk Jewelry is slightly higher than Poh Kong and it cost RM 4888 for 0.15 carat of the diamond ring (Sk Jewelry, n.d.). Wah Chan has offered 0.25 carat of diamond ring and it cost RM 3888, it is slightly cheaper than Poh Kong (Wah Chan, n.d.). For competitor Tomei, the overall product price that offered by Tomei is lower than Poh Kong, Sk Jewelry and Wah Chan. While for another competitor Pandora, the price of the product that they offered is the lowest among the four jewelry retailers (Pandora, n.d.). From the group mapping, the product price of the Poh Kong is consider high as compare to other jewelry industry. However, Poh Kong has provided the good quality and variety of design and option in order to meet more customer types. Besides, for quality assurance, Poh Kongensures that stringent measures are constantly undertaken without compromising design excellence. Poh Kong jewelry has been created with superior quality and meticulous craftsmanship. Thus, the customer market share will increase and result in sale and profit of the company increase as well. 4.2 Competitive position and performance Today, Poh Kong has own manufacturing facility which located in Shah Alam and has reached 100th outlet thus Poh Kong has earned it position as Malaysias fastest growing and largest jewelry retail chain store (Poh Kong, 2016.). This indicates that Poh Kong has the capacity to increase their profit and open more outlets to attract more customers to purchase their product. It is very convenience for customer to visit and purchase the jewelry in their retail outlets. Therefore, Poh Kong able to gain competitive advantage and position in Malaysia as compare to other competitors. Moreover, Poh Kong was listed in The Malaysia Book of Records as the Largest Jewellery Retail Chain in 1998.The Ministry of Domestic Trade Consumer Affairs has awarded several Poh Kong subsidiaries the Fair Prize Shop Awards from 2007 till 2010 in the Jewellery Category in recognition of the Companys good business ethics, quality goods and excellent after sales service (Poh Kong, n.d.). In addition, Poh Kong has been ranked 9th position and 10th position in Malaysia, and it listed in 2004 and 2006 Retail Asia-Pacific Top 50 respectively. Poh Kong has continued to be listed in 2009 and 2010 Retail Asia-Pacific Top 500. Besides, Poh Kong has been listed as Malaysia Top 1000 in 2011 and it also awarded as Malaysia top 10 in 2014. For 2016 Retail Asia-Pacific Top 500, Poh Kong was listed and has been ranked 8th position among Malaysias Top 10 retailers. The award is given out annually to the top performing companies and leaders in various industries as the recognition of their contribution to the country (Poh Kong, n.d.). Based on these awards, we can know that Poh Kong has a good performance in managing the company operation as compare to other competitors. Therefore, Poh Kong has the capacity to become top 10 in Malaysia. It indicates that Poh Kong is a well-known brand of jewelry in Malaysia. Furthermore, Poh Kong endeavors to carry out an action in a sustainable manner and promote responsible practices among its shareholders, suppliers and customers in the marketplace. Poh Kong has owned over 100 outlets provides convenience and accessibility to customers, offering wide range of quality products for customers choices. Poh Kong has provided recycled bag as a gift to the customer to carry their product after made purchase (Poh Kong, n.d.). The group supports nickel safe jewelry products for the protection of consumers health and safety. Therefore, Poh Kong able to reduce the cost in producing packaging items for their products. 5.0 Strategy Formulation Strength-opportunities (SO) strategies use a companys internal strengths to take advantage of external opportunities. The first SO strategy is the largest number of retail shops take advantage on the increasing of demand in the market. Poh Kong has the opportunity to capture most of the market shares since it acts as the largest gold jewelry retailer in Malaysia. It can be explained by Poh Kong uses its advantage of large number of retail outlets and well established brand to target wisely in Malaysia. The next SO strategy is the partnership with Moraglione enables Poh Kong to compete with the global brands, by enjoying the zero tax and taking advantage on the brand name of Moraglione. It also provides an opportunity for Poh Kong to expand its business to abroad. Besides, due to the world-renowned international brand of Moraglione, the cost saving from zero tax and advertisement spending can be utilized for future RD. Weaknesses-opportunities (WO) strategies improve internal weaknesses by taking advantage of external opportunities. First of the WO strategy is the zero duty for exporting jewelry product can enlarge the target market of Poh Kong, which only target in Malaysia currently. It can exports the jewelries to other countries and enjoys the tax advantage directly. Besides, it also can expand their business opportunities to abroad, test the market before it conducts a direct investment at there, and yet increase its profitability. The second WO strategy is the increase demand in the market able to resolve the problem of internal competition. According to research, customers demands are increased and their wants are difficult to be fulfilled. Customers always expect special and differentiate gold jewelries, hence the various brands of Poh Kong able to satisfy their needs and wants. Strength-threats (ST) strategies use a companys strengths to avoid or reduce the impact of external threats. First ST strategy is Poh Kong should uses remain strategy to deal with the high competition in local market. Since it has become the largest jewelry retailers in Malaysia, it will not affect its market leader position in the industry even it remains its business strategy, indeed, it also can avoid from the wasting of capitals in expanding the business. The next ST strategy is company bears the GST by itself. Due to the strong financial position and cash flows, it able to bear the extra charges by maintaining the selling price of gold jewelries. Thus, it can delight and satisfy the customers directly. Weaknesses-threat (WT) strategies defensive tactics aimed at reducing internal weakness and avoiding external threats. The first WT strategy is Poh Kong can launch into abroad and new market in order to avoid from the internal competition and high competitive local market situation. There is less opportunities in local market for Poh Kong to expand its business, thus it should expand its business to abroad, identify new opportunities, and target new markets. The next WT strategy is the company should enhance promotion strategies to tackle the problems of low customer satisfaction, high competition in local market, and slowdown of economy. It can provide price discount, conducts advertisements, and improves customer services to customers, so the customers can be delighted and their needs and wants could be satisfied. 6.0 Conclusion The competitiveness of the Poh Kong Holdings Berhad is the company acts as a leader in terms of innovation in Malaysias jewelry industry. It was one of the first chained jewelry retailers which operating in Malaysia. Its strongly established brand provides it a great competitive advantage over the less well-established competitors, such as Tomei Consolidated Bhd. Furthermore, Poh Kong also has strong reputation and strong market position in global market. It is because the company always involve in Corporate Social Responsibility and creates value for their company, shareholders, employees, customers, community and environment. To the employees, they will receive training and development programs to enhance their skills. Besides, the employees are encouraged to volunteer their time for the needed group while Poh Kong will donates daily essentials, foods and cash to charity home in Klang Valley. Moreover, there are some expectations about the future of the Poh Kong. Nowadays, e-commerce play most important role in the business operation. In order to compete with competitors, it should also focus online trading to its potential customers by providing variety selection of products and accept customized design order from consumer. Next, due to the global economic slowdown, Poh Kong should establish in those countries which do not adversely affect by economic slowdown, such as Indonesia. It is because Indonesia has a good fundamental economic condition amid the global economic uncertainty. In addition, Poh Kong should adopts appropriate financial controlling tools which can assist the company in well controlling on cost and operation management, in order to minimize the financial risk. To avoid the company from carrying many liabilities, it should wisely control budget as well. Besides, it also can make a future contract with the materials suppliers. It can fix the price of the materials with suppliers for future purpose due to the unexpected economic fluctuation. Thus, even if the economic crisis happens again, the sales and profitability of the company will not be affected much, and the expected cost of financial distress can be reduced. (3919 words) REFERENCES Ain, F.   (2016). Marketing Plan of Jewellery. Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttps://prezi.com/seznxzph61ee/marketing-plan-of-jewellery/ Annual report. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttp://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   4ZFRFB/2475656551x0x873895/70F896F6-8BEE-47AE-82DD  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   7EC400A29940/PANDORA_ANNUAL_REPORT_2015.pdf Annual report. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http://www.tomei.com.my/data/TomeiAnnual-Report-2015.pdf Bernama. (2013). Poh Kong. 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Questions on ASEAN China FTA.   Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttp://www.miti.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/2184 Najumudeen, F. (2012). Jewellery Fit for Royalty. Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttp://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2012/09/01/jewellery-fit-for-royalty/ Nwazor, T. (2016). Is Gold still a Good Investment Today? Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/toby-nwazor/is-gold-still-a-good  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   investment_b_9294686.html Pandora. (n.d.). Pandora. Retrieved March 01, 2017, from https://www.pandora.net/en-my Poh Kong. (n.d.). Corporate Milestones. Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttp://ir.chartnexus.com/pohkong/milestones.php Poh Kong. (n.d.). Locate Us. Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttp://www.pohkong.com.my/locate-us Poh Kong. (n.d.). Awards and Achievement. Retrieved March 01, 2017, fromhttp://ir.chartnexus.com/pohkong/awards.php Poh Kong. (n.d.). PohKong. 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Deaths of Mickey and Edward in Willy Russells Blood Brothers :: Russell Blood Brothers Death Essays

Deaths of Mickey and Edward in Willy Russell's Blood Brothers "And do we blame superstition for what came to pass? Or could it be what we, the English, have came to know as class?" Blood Brothers is a play set in Liverpool, Willy Russell wrote it in 1983. Willy Russell has wrote plays based in Liverpool because this is where he was brought up as a kid in a working class family, Blood Brothers relates to this and aspects of class that he would have experienced when he lived there. Willy Russell grew up just outside Liverpool, he left school when he was only 15 to become a hairdresser, it was in his early twenties when he decided to go back to school and take his O levels. His plays were about everyday circumstances and his portrayal of life then. In this essay I intend to find out the reason for Mickey and Edward's deaths, whether it was superstition or class, I will evaluate both of the possible causes and how they are used within the play, then I will have to make a conclusion to which side of the argument proves to be the correct one. The main sources of superstition revolve around Mrs Johnstone because she is the character who believes that when certain things happen consequences will unfold due to this. Willy Russell points these superstitious events out to the audience, by using one of the characters to mention this or a song will be used to show something superstitious happening. At these stages in the play he is already asking the audience whether they believe in superstition. The first incidence of superstition comes at the beginning after the opening song; this is when the audience finds out that Mrs Johnstone is superstitious and that superstition may appear later in the play. Mrs Lyons enters Mrs Johnstone's house and then there is a stage direction saying that Mrs Lyons puts her new shoes on the table, Mrs Johnstone replies to this angrily "Jesus Christ, Mrs Lyons, what are y' trying to do?" At the bottom of the page where this happens the narrator says "There's shoes upon the table an' a joker in the pack, the salts been spilled and the looking glass cracked, there's one lone magpie overhead." The narrator is giving us examples of superstitions. Here he is trying to hint that something bad is going follow because of the shoes upon the table. After this it is possibly significant that she claims not to be superstitious three times, three is meant to be a lucky number but in her case it is unlucky because the

Learning Enviroment and Its Effects on Student Academic Performance in Integrated Science Essay

In Nigeria, secondary education is the education children receive after primary education and before the tertiary stage. Consequently, the broad goals of secondary education are geared to prepare the individual for useful living within the society and to progress to higher education (Federal Government of Nigeria, 2004). The school at this level is established so that students can learn in order to be able to transmit knowledge from one generation to another for the continuity and well-being of the society. Learning as a hypothetical construct can only be inferred from observable behavior. Psychologists usually define learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience or the process by which relatively permanent changes occur in behavioral potentials as a result of Experience (Gross, 2010) In fact, secondary school education is an investment and an instrument that can be used to achieve a more rapid economic, social, political, technological, scientific and cultural development in the country. The role of secondary education is to lay a solid foundation for better academic performance of students in their pursuit of university education and in other higher institutions with the aim of producing competent manpower for the growth and development of the nation. Recent trends in this tier of education in Nigeria show poor academic results from our children. The preponderance of mass failure in the final examinations conducted by various examination bodies (WAEC, NECO NABTEB) has led to the hue and cry by all and sundry over students’ poor academic performance. It is clear that this tier of education is now seriously threatened by total near collapse as evident by students’ abysmal performance in 2011 examination results in Nigeria. Dissenting groups have passed the blame of students’ poor performance on teachers, parents and government policy somersault. According to Aremu and Sokan (2003), and Aremu and Oluwole (2001), secondary school students’ poor performance may be hinged on students because of their low retention, parental factors, association with wrong peers and motivation. Previous research evidence showed that poor academic performance at the secondary school level of education is a product of teacher, school and the home environment. According to Morakinyo (2003), the falling level of academic performance of secondary school students is attributable to teachers’ non-use of verbal reinforcement. Also the home environment or family background of learners affects their academic performance (Ajila & Olutola, 2007) The sharp decline in the academic performance at various levels of our educational system in Nigeria is largely attributed to the poor conditions in our educational institutions. These include lack of modern instructional technology, poor classroom conditions and lack of adequate training programmes for teachers. Similarly, classroom learning environments and school factors exert some dominant influence on learners, since man is a product of his environment. The importance of learning environment to a successful academic achievement cannot be overemphasized. The learning environment includes school location and physical buildings, laboratory equipment, library services and materials, instructional aids and effective classroom management. Intelligence is not the only determinant of academic achievement. Learning environment affects the academic achievement of a student. According to Basque and Dore (1998), learning and teaching environment ought to implement six functions: inform, communicate, collaborate, produce, scaffold and manage. They added that conceptually speaking, the learning environment refers to the whole range of components and activities within which learning happens. Learning environment that is free from barriers or distraction such as noise, gas/smoke pollution and so on, will promote students’ concentration or perceptual focus to learning (Sprinthall, 1987). Similarly, the entire unattractive physical structure of the school building could demotivate learners to achieve academically. This mismatch promotes poor academic performance. Danesty (2004) stated that dilapidating building lacking mental stimulating facilities that are characterized with low or no sitting arrangement, will also affect students’ learning. Class size has also been identified as a determinant of academic performance. Schools with smaller class size perform better academically than schools with larger class size. Kraft (1994) in his study of the ideal class size and its effects on effective teaching and learning concluded that any class size above forty (40) has negative effects on students’ achievement. Generally, good teaching is best done in classes with small numbers that allow for individual attention. Teachers do make a difference to motivate students in learning, working in tandem with parents who are the first teachers to children. Noordin, Azizi, Jamaludin, Shahrin and Zurihanmi (2010) opined that teachers can make school life miserable or appealing by filling the classroom with excitement and hope. Students will continue in their learning and even search for more knowledge under the leading of enthusiastic teacher (Wlodkowski & Jaynes, 1990). Atkinson (2000) found a positive relationship between teachers’ motivation and the students’ performance. The availability and use of teaching and learning materials affect the effectiveness of a teacher’s lesson. The use of a variety of media increases the probability that the students would learn more and that young children are capable of understanding abstract ideas if they are provided with sufficient materials and concrete experience with the phenomena that they are to understand. Adu and Olatundun (2007), Adediwura and Tayo (2007), and Star (2002) suggested that effective teaching is a significant predictor for students’ academic achievement. In short, poor academic performance of students has been linked to poor teachers’ performance in terms of accomplishing learning tasks (Ofoegbu, 2004; Asikhia, 2010). The home environment or family background of students affects their academic performance (Ajila and Olutola 2007; Nzewuawah, 1995; Ichado, 1998). The home environment sharpens the child’s initial view of learning. Parents’ beliefs, expectations and attitudes about education have a profound early impact on students’ conceptions of the place of education in their life. ` Children in poverty often face problems at home and at school that compromises their learning (Ceballo and McLoyd, 2002, Evans and English, 2002). At home, they might have parents who do not set high educational standards for them, who are incapable of reading to them, and who do not have enough money to pay for educational materials and experiences such as books and trips to zoos and museums. They might be malnourished and live in areas where crime and violence are a way of life (Santrock, 2004). The home environment is as important as what goes on in the school. The home factors include: parental involvement in children’s education, how much parents read to young children; how much television children are allowed to watch; and how often students change schools. Phillips (1998) also found that parental education and social economic status have an impact on students’ achievement. Students with parents who were both educated tended to achieve at the highest levels. Income and family size were moderately related to achievement (Ferguson, 1991). Thus from the analysis of academic achievement, home environment (including family income) and educational activities, it can be concluded that home environment and educational activities explained the greatest amount of variance (Peng and Wright, 1994; Kamaruddin, Zainal, Aminuddin and Jusoff, 2009) The performance of secondary school students in science and non-science subjects in NECO, WAEC and JAMB calls for proper investigation. Student low performance in those subject can be traced back to the effect of their learning environment. Although, several scholars have proposed various factors responsible for the poor performance of students, few research have been dedicated to the correlation between student learning environment both at school and home and academic achievement of students. Thus, this study addressed those learning environment factors that hinder student from performing better in integrated science. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of learning environment on secondary school student academic performance in integrated science. Specifically, the study will; Examine 1.How do secondary school students perceive the quality of learning environment in relation to their academic performance? 2.How do secondary school students perceive teachers’ teaching methods in relation to their academic performance? 3.How do secondary school students perceive parents economic status in relation to their academic performance? 1: How do secondary school students perceive the quality of learning environment in relation to their academic performance? Ho 2: How do secondary school students perceive teachers’ teaching methods in relation to their academic performance? Ho 3: there is no significant difference between class size and student academic performance in integrated science?

A comparison of tabloid and broadsheet newspapers Essay

To understand the subject of this essay, I thought it would help to briefly look at the history and background of newspapers, because I believe this gradually influences people’s decisions on buying a paper today. In earlier years, the majority of people buying newspapers were all well educated, middle – class intellectuals. As a result of this many papers actually tended to follow the broadsheet format. Most people that bought a newspaper would have full intention of reading from front to back. Most papers had between four and nine pages with a lot of columns and very small print; there were not many pictures and very little graphics. This was generally because of the lack of technology available to the publishers and their printers. As time progressed, so did the technology that went into the newspapers. With this improvement in technology this enables the publishers to focus on more specific readership. In a newspaper you can find that they can now devote sectors of the newspaper to individual interests, at the same time as having more illustrations and advertisements. We investigated how tabloids and broadsheets have appeared to combine these new ideas, but somehow still have different techniques, writing styles and format. We did this by using interviews and surveys to help us gain the results we wanted. To gain further understanding of the type of people that read tabloid and broadsheet newspapers, the pupils in our class carried out a survey. The principle was to find out if there were any links between our research and the class survey, it helped us gain more knowledge on the time that papers are read during the day and what days they are tended to be read on. When the survey was complete we collected the results to find that there was quite an even spread of readers for both the tabloid paper and the broadsheet paper. Another interesting fact was that mainly broadsheets were read on the weekend rather than the working week. I recognize that this must be because of the size and depth of the broadsheet which becomes a immediate fault of the paper has it makes it very hard for somebody going to work on the train or bus to read a large paper such as ‘The Telegraph’ in such tight compact spaces. Our class also carried interviews with their friends and family to try and find out the reason behind this predilection. In the majority of cases, the time available and the content of the newspaper were concerns. Many people believed that a broadsheet were more detailed and focused on finance and politics, whereas tabloid papers tended to be more light-hearted and entertaining. There were a lot more gossip columnists and many pages devoted to entertainment and celebrities featured in ‘The Sun’. As I expected the size of the newspapers were a big matter into deciding which paper someone would buy. According to the interviewees, broadsheets were understandably an inconvenient size if they were to be read on a coffee brake or a journey as they were just too big. Tabloid papers were popular because of the advantage of there size as they can be read at spare moments during the day and contained a television guide. Personally I tend to read newspapers at the weekend and the members of my family generally make the choice of paper, I enjoy reading a tabloid a lot more than I do a broadsheet because broadsheets cover a large quantity of business and finance and I am not interested in these subjects. I enjoy reading ‘The Sun’ as it contains a lot of sport news and celebrity news. Tabloid papers in my opinion are a lot easier to read as u don’t have to take a lot of time reading each article like you do in the broadsheet newspapers. Before we actually started to examine individual articles, we made some general assertions concerning the papers contents. We all noticed that there were a surprisingly large amount of adverts in the broadsheet newspaper, which included a completely covered double-page spread on just adverts. A â€Å"British Airways† advert, covered a page of the â€Å"Daily Telegraph† the size made it eye-catching and very effective to the reader. For further exploration we compared two articles, which at the time were concerning the situation in Saudi Arabia. The first article was featured in â€Å"The Sun†, entitled, â€Å"Saudi Aid†. The second article was found in â€Å"The Daily Telegraph† entitled, â€Å"Arab states back Bush over Iraq†. My immediate observation was the difference and contrast in headlines. The tabloid headline was much shorter than that of the broadsheet, therefore the information given was. â€Å"Saudi Aid† gave the reader a suggestion of the articles content, but did not make any kind of effort to enhance on the subject. On the other hand â€Å"The Telegraph† was more informative and had a much more detailed headline, â€Å"Arab states back Bush over Iraq†. This headline refers to a specific incident which is very straight forward it also includes one of the most well known names in the world, this is a clever way of using someone’s name involved in the issue to draw in the reader the also tone suggests controversy. â€Å"The Sun† followed its brief headline with a more detailed summary, giving us further amplification on the subject. â€Å"The Telegraph† on the other hand had a sub headline of â€Å"Way cleared for countdown to war†. Again the focus of the piece was narrowed down to ass impact on their first headline. The sub headline included and extremely emotive phrase, â€Å"Countdown to War†. This gives no definite answer to the question most people were asking themselves at the time, it just leaves the possibility that it could happen in the future if the situation deteriorates. â€Å"The Sun† also included a sub headline in its article. â€Å"Saudis to aid attack on Iraq† again this repeats the word ‘aid’ from the headline but this time expanding on the content of the article. The reporter actually uses rhyme, which increases the articles appeal, because it becomes captivating and memorable. In continuing to study the format of the article, I noticed that the front pages of both pieces were very different. â€Å"The Telegraph’s† report was split into four columns, with an enlarged quote dividing the second column. In this article there was clearly more writing, and whilst I could perceive a summary, it was not highlighted in any way, like â€Å"The Sun’s† report, which had a summary in bold type and a sub heading of ‘Weapons’ halfway through the first column, such use of a sub headline created drama and tension. The summary uses colloquial language, and emotive writing such as ‘the Saudis fear they will never be safe while Saddam rules’. With added patriotism, the summary lures the reader to read on through the article, to reach the main point of the piece. Unlike the broadsheet article, there was a picture featured in the tabloid newspaper. The picture was of Jack Straw and by adding a picture the information in the article is authentic and may entice the reader to look more closely at the piece, and maybe value the reporter’s opinion more. Another creative effect is â€Å"The Suns† use of italics. By placing a chosen phrase or paragraph in italics, the reader’s attention is drawn to the chosen area, showing that the specific phrase is important, and so the reader should pay attention to it. The general tone of † the suns† article is informal throughout the piece. The reporter remains biased and doesn’t believe that the possibility of war may be resolved. The piece in â€Å"The Telegraph† takes an objective style and presents both sides of the argument, and continually stating that there is no definite war. The miscellany in reporting styles also includes the use of more formal language with words such as ‘repercussions’. I would presume that the readers of a broadsheet newspaper are more middle-class. This is a generalisation but that the fact that there is more business, finance and culture in the broadsheet newspaper. There is one similarity between the articles it is that they both include the national security adviser â€Å"Conddeezza Rice†. Overall the broadsheet newspaper includes more concept language and is rather informal, whilst the tabloid newspaper has short headlines with a catchy theme to it, instead of a more sophisticated and simple headlines brought to us by the broadsheet newspapers.

Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essays

Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essays Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essay Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essay In this essay my discussion of the human development thought out the lifespan so the theorists I have chosen are Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura, john bowlby and also Vygotsky to look into the theories also relate them to the modern early childhood education these days. The four theories will be arguing about how the influences of the hereditary and the environment pr personal experiences that affects ones life path THEORIST AND THEIR THEORIES Erik Erikson is a psychoanalytical theorist who divided his theory to eight developmental stages throughout the life span (Berk, 2007). The eight stages are , Trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generative vs stagnation, integrity vs despair. If issues were to arise any of the stages were not dealt with well, it would influence the next later stages of development. Erikson also emphasized the wider social and Vygotsky was a social development theorist. Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and the sociocultural environment, where they interact and share experiences (Crawford, 1996). Vygotsky theory is one of the foundations of constructivism. This states three major themes he created. They are: inter/ intra psychological, more knowledgeable other (MKO), Zone of proximal development (ZPD). family relationships who surrendered the child to be more of an influence rather than biology. Jean Piaget was a cognitive theorist who had believed that children learn through adapting their world and since â€Å"he was trained as a biologist† (Pearson, 2007, p. 143) he showed humans how to demonstrate their intelligence through adaptation to the environment. Like Erikson, Piaget had believed that children pass through different stages of the development, but in their thinking. The four stages of development are : Sensory motor stage (birth – 2years) – knowledge develops through sensory and motor abilities, Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) – the child is learning to apply logical structures with languages, mental imaginary and symbolic thoughts, Concrete Operational stage (7-12 years) – the child has now a hold on logical perations that helps them to understand physical properties, Formal Operational stage (12 years and up) – children think deeply about concrete events and reason abstractly and hypothetically. Since Piaget was influenced by biological principles, he believed that humans were not seeking too much disruption in the children’s development. They were to be left on their own to explore and develop their own time and capabilities. John Bowlby believed that attachment had an evolutionary component; it aids in survival. The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature (Bowlby, 1988, 3). This theorist relates to my experience when my parents went Afghanistan for six months and I had two children to take care of and a whole house this was a hard job to me it seemed like I was a mother because the child would call me that im there mother. They got so attached to me and even now they are the same they tell me that a (big sister is like our mum) and I felt like I have been a mum for years. That my theorist. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Vygotsky and Piaget are two obvious theorists who would disagree on a lot of each others’ theory. However, there are some few common grounds that they can meet on. Vygotsky and Piaget (Black Well Publishing, 2003) emphasized the importance of the early stages of development, where an infant uses body language instead of speaking verbally. Both Piaget and Vygotsky believe that development proceeds in stages, building on the previous stage, and how children think using different strategies at different stages. Their major difference is about a child’s development with or without a significant other. Piaget strongly believes that children discover for themselves and developing precedes learning. Whereas Vygotsky believes that children develop their thinking or learning abilities by the help of an adult, significant other or a more knowledgeable peer. By interacting with others, the child’s development will be further pushed to its advantage. Bandura and Vygotsky also share similar view points of approaches to learning; they both focus on the social – environmental influences and their study of the human’s inner psychological process such as language (Berk, 2007). Bandura’s heory focused more on how children develop through watching adults or teachers behaviors, especially with those that they identify with. We can connect that to Vygotsky theory about the zone or proximal development, where an adult has to actively interact with the child to further push their knowledge. This adult can be someone close like a peer or a caregiver. APPLICATION OF THEORIE S Piaget’s Preoperational stage (2-7 years) mentioned that the child has developed motor skills and develops a sense of self (Berk, 2007). They are able to think imaginatively, but still not able to think logically. In the centre, we can observe children play in the sand pit, constructing imaginary objects using simple equipments. Vygotsky theory encourages the teachers to collaborate with children in order to make it easy for them to have a meaningful constructive learning. This can also push parents to expose their children to a variety of social situations, because every interaction is considered to be a learning experience. John bowlbys theory of attachment can be easily seen today in an early childhood centre. A way for children to learn is through attachment with others. When children see other parent hugging there children they will watch and see then they will go and do the same In Erikson’s initiative vs. Guilt is where the child develops motor movements and coping skills, their curiosity is increasing. Parents who take time to answer their preschoolers questions can increase their intellectual initiative. But parents or caregivers who see their childrens questions as and annoyance may suppress their initiative and cause them to be too dependent on others and to be ashamed of themselves. Task 2 Influences on Human Development Children develop in many different ways at the same time. While physical growth and maturity are the most obvious signs that development is occurring, children also develop cognitively (mentally), socially, emotionally, and sexually. The influence is genetics. At this period, we relate infants to Piaget’s Sensory motor stage (Berk, 2007) where they get to learn their environment or come to know their world through their bodies and their senses. They dont understand their environment very well at first, but are born exquisitely prepared to explore and learn. They learn how to make movement, how to make sense of things, how to speak, and how to do other skills. All these developments need babies to use all senses: touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. Development are mostly described as achievements in life significant to particular person, this can include crawling, walking or even first words of the infant. Though a development milestone occurs at a certain stage, everyone is different. An infant might have inherited genes that might prevent development of child, where other infants or toddlers might develop faster. When infant grows into early childhood, their thinking is still in process of developing, their ability to use language becomes more obvious, depending on their genes, they slowly develop while some are quickly excelling. We now enter Piaget’s Preoperational stage age 2-7 years of age; this is where childrens thought processes are developing, although are still considered to be far from logical thought, in the adult sense of the word, and unable to take the point of view of others. In middle childhood, the child is influenced by his or her family. School-aged children also need benefit from loving nurturance expressed by parents and caregivers. Children receive nurture from caregivers when caregivers give love and affection, spend time with them, include them in stimulating activities, and help them build their self-esteem. We can relate this to Bronfenbrenner Ecological system theory of the Microsystems the small, immediate environment the child lives in. This will include any immediate relationships or organizations they interact with, such as their immediate family or caregivers and their school or daycare. The more encouraging and nurturing these relationships and places are, the better the child will be able to grow. This expression of love helps children grow in self-esteem and self-respect. Bronfenbrenner Ecological system can also link to when the child moves on to adolescence where he or she will be influence by their social circle. Erikson calls this stage to be Industry vs. Inferiority (Berk, 2007), where child learn to use methods and develops competence, skills and also they will learn to relate to their peers. Interaction with other children will then have to be a necessity to ensure development happens. An interchange of knowledge with a more capable other can be especially helpful, Vygotsky zone of proximal development theory (Berk, 2007). Another dimension in life that is influenced by social factors is young adulthood. This stage we move into Erikson’s Identity vs. Role confusion. How a person come to know how they see themselves in relation to the world. A young adulthood must struggle to discover and find his or her identity, while negotiating and struggling with social interactions and trying to fit in, and developing from right and wrong. If the person is successful in their young adulthood, they will now be focusing on attention to the system of production and management of material wealth, ecology, in their middle adulthood. This would cover Erikson’s theory of the Generativity vs. Stagnation or self-absorption, Career and work are the most important things at this stage, also their family. Attempting to work and produce something that makes a difference to the society. In Bronfenbrenner theory of the Ecological system, this person is part of the interlinking system which will affect the development of the child; it can either be directly if the person has children The last stage of life dimension is the late adulthood, where the person might be influenced demographically. Bronfenbrenner theory comes into this influence again, how they are affected in how they will now be living according to the law of the government, most would be using their pension and living in an old home stay area or lives in their own home far from there parents. Task 3 Reflection on Human Development Many theorists formed theories to explain how humans behave, think or develop intellectually, solve problems, and remember certain things. From studying these different types of theories can help us understand children and their development. I will be examining how knowledge of human development across the lifespan develops an adult’s understanding of children in an early childhood setting. Also, how this knowledge of human development across the lifespan can influence our practices with children in an early childhood centre. The like of Piaget (Berk, 2007) who is a cognitive theorist is only interested in how the brain works and how children learn more by leaving them alone to explore the things around them. We can relate this to Piaget’s sensory motor stage, a stage where infants’ senses are being fully used. Their senses of touch, sight, smell, taste and hearing can contribute to their increasing curiosity of objects and the things around them. If this was the case, in an early childhood setting, we would do well to provide materials, equipments and resources for infants to explore on. Making the environment safe for the infants learning is also essential. â€Å"In exploring the physical environment, children gain increasing motor and manipulative control and skill in using tools and materials safely†. Ministry of Education, 1996 p. 98) As Piaget stated, development precedes learning (Ebeck, 1996) In other cases, there are theorists who strongly believed that social factors were important for cognitive growth, scaffolding. Scaffolding is a temporary support system around that child’s attempts to understand new ideas and complete new tasks (Children’s developing minds) the purpose for this is that the child will be able to achieve higher developments by simplifying the task or idea, motivating the child and even modeling that can be imitated easily. If scaffolding is applied successfully children are in a better position to â€Å"convey and receive ideas, feeling and information in different cultural and social contexts†. (Ministry of Education, 1996 p. 96) Having this basic theory in mind, as teachers, Also, this can help children develop understanding and appreciate different view points of others (Ministry of Education, 1996). An additional theorist who could agree with having social factors to help further develop a child is Vygotsky, who came up with the zone of proximal development (Berk, 2007). He put emphasis on teachers to be always aware of the child’s intellectual development when they might need to be pushed further, a higher level than where they are now. This theory surely is related to scaffolding, but Bruner formed his theory based on Vygotsky zone of proximal development theory (Black Well Publishing, 2003) The zone proximal development is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. Interestingly enough, it is not only from adults that this knowledge can come from. In an early childhood setting, it’s good to take note of the child’s intellectual development and always looking out for ways to further push their development. Collaborating children with others can also help them develop within their zone of proximal development and â€Å"are able to participate in a range of social settings†. (Ministry of Education, 1996 p. 94) â€Å"A child’s learning environment extends far beyond the immediate setting of the home or early childhood programmes outside the home†. (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 9) Bronfenbrenner, an Ecology of Human development theorist (Ministry of education, 1996) developed the environment systems which can either directly or indirectly influence the child. In this ecological system, we are directly influencing the child, because we fall under the Mesosystem as the school, early childhood centre. In the Mesosystem, that’s where the child learns to explore and discover new things, a saf e place to fully develop themselves. As a teacher or caregiver we are responsible for taking care of the children that are entrusted to us. This moves us to provide a well nurtured place where the development of the child can be enhanced. Also, the child might be developing relationships with adults outside their immediate family for the first time, so it emphasizes how we have to care and nurture the needs of the child. We can relate this to John Bowlby’s attachment theory. A child feels a special emotional relationship (Berk, 2007) that involves an exchange of comfort, care and pleasure. He also agreed with Piaget, of how an early experience in childhood can have an important influence on development and behavior later in life. By examining the characteristics of attachment, we can differentiate the kind of attachment the child has made. There are three, safe haven is when the child feel threatened or afraid, he or she can return to the caregiver for comfort and soothing. Secure base, the caregiver provides a secure and dependable base for the child to explore the world. Proximity maintenance is when the child strives to stay near the caregiver, thus keeping the child safe. Separation distress, when separated from the caregiver, the child will become upset and distressed. The way we care and nurture for the children in the centre will have an affect on how we view separation of a child and parent as they get dropped off, and how they socialize with strangers. If we find that the child takes a while to get separated with his or her parent, we leave give them time to settle in and feel comfortable in the place. We are also responsible for creating that safe haven in the centre for the children, especially when the child spends 11 hours, five days a week in the centre. Consequently, having knowledge of different theories will help us to better understand how children develop their understanding of themselves and those who are taking care of them. It helps us to open our views to a much wider idea of why such behavior is happening, or how a child might want to learn, why a child is finding it hard to separate himself to his parent and to the care of another stranger or even how the environment can have an influence on children. Just as the theorists themselves have their own opinions on development, this also goes for caregivers who will apply a different approach to learning. However, it’s all for the benefit of the child. Thus, having this knowledge from different kinds of theorists, let’s put them into application and continue to develop the child’s intellectual, physical and emotional needs. References massey. ac. nz/~alock/virtual/trishvyg. htm cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0304-bowlby. html http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/bandura. html http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/erikson. html http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html

Biography of Betsy Ross, American Icon

Biography of Betsy Ross, American Icon Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752–January 30, 1836) was a colonial seamstress who is usually credited with creating the first American flag. During the American Revolution, Ross made flags for the navy. After her death, she became a model of patriotism and a key figure in the legend of early American history. Fast Facts Known For: According to legend, Betsy Ross made the first American flag in 1776.Also known As: Elizabeth Griscom Ross, Elizabeth Ashburn, Elizabeth ClaypooleBorn: January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: Samuel and Rebecca James GriscomDied: January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSpouse(s): John Ross (m. 1773-1776), Joseph Ashburn (m. 1777–1782), John Claypoole (m. 1783–1817)Children: Harriet Claypoole, Clarissa Sidney Claypoole, Jane Claypoole, Aucilla Ashburn, Susannah Claypoole, Elizabeth Ashburn Claypoole, Rachel Claypoole Early Life Betsy Ross was born Elizabeth Griscom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 1, 1752. Her parents were Samuel and Rebecca James Griscom. Ross was the great-granddaughter of a carpenter, Andrew Griscom, who had arrived in New Jersey in 1680 from England. As a youth, Ross likely attended Quaker schools and learned needlework there and at home. When she married John Ross, an Anglican, in 1773, she was expelled from the Friends Meeting for marrying outside the meeting. She eventually joined the Free Quakers, or Fighting Quakers, who did not adhere strictly to the historic pacifism of the sect. The Free Quakers supported the American colonists in their struggle against the British crown. Ross and her husband began an upholstery business together, drawing on her needlework skills. John was killed in January 1776 on militia duty when gunpowder exploded at the Philadelphia waterfront. After his death, Ross acquired property and kept up the upholstery business, making flags for the Pennsylvania Navy and tents, blankets, and other materials for the Continental Army. The Story of the First Flag According to legend, Ross made the first American flag in 1776 after a visit in June from George Washington, Robert Morris, and her husbands uncle, George Ross. She demonstrated to them how to cut a five-pointed star with a single clip of the  scissors if the fabric were folded correctly. This story was not told until 1870 by Rosss grandson William Canby, and even he claimed that it was a story that needed confirmation (a few other seamstresses from that era also claimed to have made the first American flag). Most scholars agree that it was likely not Ross who made the first flag, though she was a flagmaker who, according to historian Marla Miller, was paid in 1777 by the Pennsylvania State Navy Board for making Ships [sic] Colours, c. After Rosss grandson told his story of her involvement with the first flag, it quickly became legend. First published in Harpers Monthly in 1873, the story was included in many school textbooks by the mid-1880s. The story became popular for several reasons. For one, changes in womens lives, and social recognition of such changes, made discovering a founding mother to stand alongside the founding fathers attractive to the American imagination. Betsy Ross was not only a widow making her own way in life with her young child- she was twice widowed during the  American Revolution- but she was also earning a living in the traditionally female occupation of a seamstress. (Notice that her abilities to buy and manage land never made it into her legend, and are ignored in many biographies.) Another factor in the Ross legend was growing patriotic fever connected with the American flag. This required a tale that was more than just a business transaction, such as the (plausible but disputed) story of Francis Hopkinson, who allegedly created the stars-and-stripes design for the flag along with the design for the first U.S. coin. Finally, the growing advertising industry made the image of a woman with a flag popular and used it to sell a variety of products (even flags). Second and Third Marriages In 1777, Ross married sailor Joseph Ashburn, who had the misfortune of being on a ship captured by the British in 1781. He died in prison the following year. In 1783, Ross married again. This time her husband was John Claypoole, who had been in prison with Joseph Ashburn and who had met Ross when he delivered Josephs farewells to her. She spent the following decades, with help from her daughter Clarissa, making flags and banners for various departments of the U.S. government. In 1817, her husband died after a long illness and Ross soon retired from work to live with her daughter Susanna on a farm outside of Philadelphia. During the final years of her life, Ross went blind, though she continued to attend Quaker meetings. Death Betsy Ross died on January 30, 1836, at the age of 84. She was reburied in the Free Quaker Burying Ground in 1857. In 1975, the remains were moved once again and reinterred on the grounds of the Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia. Legacy After her death, Ross became a prominent character in the story of Americas founding while many other stories of womens involvement in the American Revolution were forgotten or ignored. Like Johnny Appleseed and Paul Bunyan, she is now one of the countrys most prominent folk heroes. Today, a tour of Betsy Rosss home in Philadelphia (there is some doubt about its authenticity, too) is a must-see when visiting historical sites. The home, established with the aid of 2 million 10-cent contributions by American schoolchildren, is a unique and informative place. One can begin to see what home life was like for families in the early colonial era and remember the disruption and inconvenience, even tragedy, that war brought to women as well as to men during the American Revolution. Even if she did not make the first American flag, Ross was still an example of what many women of her time found as the reality in times of war: widowhood, single motherhood, independently managing household and property, and quick remarriage for economic reasons. As such, she is emblematic of this unique period of American history. Sources Glass, Andrew. â€Å"Congress Redesigns U.S. Flag, April 4, 1818.† Politico, 4 Apr. 2017.Leepson, Marc. Flag: an American Biography. Thomas Dunne Books, 2006.Miller, Marla R. Betsy Ross and the Making of America. St. Martins Griffin, 2011.

Marketing Plan Assignment Sample

Marketing Plan Assignment Sample Marketing Plan Assignment Sample Marketing plan assignment sample is worked out to provide an example of the plan that will help to define the further directions of the company and identify its primary needs to achieve the stated aims. Marketing plan consists of the particular sections that include: market research (gathering and classifying the current data about the market of the the organization as well as its dynamics, customers, competition, and the current sales volume for the industry as a whole), market plan strategies (include advertising, direct marketing, training programs, trade shows, website), marketing plan budget (means that top managers need to review their current financial situation), and marketing goals (monitoring of the marketing plan results). Besides, the organization needs to identify the strategies that are working and those that are not working. Before performing the marketing analysis, an understanding of the core term has to be achieved. Thus, market research means gathering and classifying the current data about the market of the organization. Besides, a short introduction to the company itself has to be performed. The company PeopleAhead works with the improvement of the career advancement. Particularly, it provides a basis for the potential employees to find, advance, and develop the careers they already have by sharing their aims, holding conversations on their professional opportunities and development plans, and communication with other professionals in the related areas. On the basis of the examining of the market dynamics, customers, and the current sales volume for the industry as a whole, it has been revealed that the company currently helps people with the career advancement and improve the human capital in the organizations. The website of the company acts as a networking platform for the professionals and career matching. The market dynamics is reported to be positive. Besides, the company has its constant customers and productive sales. The examining of the competition will be focused on the small and medium businesses as these entities are underserved by the great competitors in the online recruitment market. Simultaneously, such choice stems from the fact that this demographic has a less effective recruitment procedure that would cause advantages mostly from the services of PeopleAhead. Within this segment, the HR managers are responsible for the sourcing of the applicants. The market plan strategies are the following: the company will become the leader of the career advancement online service where people would create a history and establish the connections in the place that would make the company a staple among the chosen websites. The company will deliver the professional development and the career opportunities to provide people with the opportunity to create the professional records and useful career advancement instruments. The marketing plan budget is the following: the overall cost structure would include the administrative and general operating expenses, the sales agent salaries, and marketing. The first year, marketing monthly costs are considered to be $6,250. Monthly overhead is expecting to achieve $24,750 and be constant. The marketing goals are: to use the brand matching technology; to establish a critical mass of the customers; to drive the traffic to the site through the marketing blitzes; and to start using the word-of-mouth advertising from the satisfied customers. Monitoring of the marketing plan results has to be performed as well. At you can buy a custom marketing plan online. All you need is to fill in the order form at your site.

Choose 1 of 9 religious topics in the details Coursework

Choose 1 of 9 religious topics in the details - Coursework Example Sarah was the official wife who bore Isaac. Isaac was the father of Israelites and Hagar was a servant lady who gave birth to Ishmael, the father of Arabs. The two books also talk about Mary giving birth to Jesus Christ without having consummated with any man. However the biggest difference between the two holy books is on Jesus’ divinity, and on the son Abraham intended to sacrifice. Was it Isaac or Ishmael? Also on the lady who took care of Moses when he was picked up from the river. While the bible states that Jesus was the son of God who descended to earth in order to save mankind from sins, and that Jesus died on the cross and resurrected on the third day, the Quran refutes all these claims. The following is the comparison of the holy bible and the Quran with regard to: Moses, Abraham, Jesus Christ, and the Virgin Mary. In both the Bible and the Quran, the story of Moses begins by his birth, where by his mother puts him in the river, he is picked up from the river-according to the bible by pharaoh’s daughter and the Quran by pharaoh’s wife while newly born (â€Å"Bible & Koran† Web). The two books also state that when Moses grows up, he kills according to the bible, an Egyptian and the Quran, a man and then flees to Egypt. In both books, God’s voice from a burning bush gives Moses the inspiration to plead with the Pharaoh to let Israelites go to the Promised Land. Furthermore, both books tell of Moses’ hesitation to take on this divine mission until his brother Aaron was called to help him (â€Å"Bible & Koran† Web). In the bible and the Quran, Moses and Aaron goes to preach to pharaoh about releasing the children of Israel. Aft er so much tussling, pharaoh releases them. Furthermore both books state that Moses goes to Israel via red sea. On reaching the red sea, he strikes it with his stick and it separates in to two. Pharaoh meets his death in the red sea while pursuing the

Children's Listening Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Children's Listening Skills - Essay Example This essay approves that the listening comprehension assessment tests measure the extent to which the child can comprehend information that is listened to. Listening comprehension tasks are usually age and grade appropriate and is directly comparable to reading comprehension assessment. Since there are several factors involving listening, it would be best if all these factors are considered first and come up with an authentic assessment that will address all the concerns to be fair for the child involved. This report makes a conclusion that listening is a very important aspect of child’s development. It may come naturally and automatic at birth as hearing but it must be trained to a higher level which is listening for a purpose. Listening seems to be the basis of other communication skills. A baby needs to listen to the sounds around him or her, and to learn how words are produced and how language may be used. As the child grows up, he or she needs to develop his/her listening skills to acquire more skills such as words meaning, understanding, reading, and comprehension. Through listening, a child can gather several information that he or she may use to his or her advantage. He or she may even come up with his or her idea after synthesizing. Listening is very important, if not the most important, skill a child may learn for him or her to succeed in school, and with her relationships with friends and family. It is appropriate and imperative that the child learn how to develop hi s or her listening skills as soon as possible, guided adults, by research and new technology.

Primary source analyze Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Primary source analyze - Article Example Therefore, free trade is tied to the Europe’s colonies fate. The author argues that the special trade of the mother nations tends to reduce or at least putting down below what these nations would then rise to both the industry and enjoyments of all the countries generally, particularly the American colonies. He continues to argue that by rendering the colony produce preciously in other nations, it diminishes its consumption and henceforth cramps the industry of all the other nations that both enjoy less when they emolument a lot for what they are enjoying, and producing less when they get less for the things they are producing. The people targeted by this source are historians mostly who want ton know how the British ruled America1. It is viewed that the surplus produce of America, however, which is the main source of all that increase of industry and enjoyments that Europe got from the colonization and discovery of America. The source is rendered much less sufficient by the select trade of mother countries. This primary source is a book written by He Ao (Ho Ao) in 1520. The author was a bureaucrat who referred to the Europeans as the Feringis. The event of this source took place in the fifteenth century when the Europeans invaded China. He portrayed that they were not trust worthy individuals; they were unruly and were a threat to the security of a nation. The sentiments stated by He Ao were mutual among to officials in following centuries, even when China prospered in the commercial exchanges of a gradually connected universe2. The author argues that the Feringis were the most crafty and cruel. Their arms were the most superior than that of other foreign individuals. This source was created during the colonial periods. It is seen that the Europeans came to Canton where some of them stayed in the post station while others had bad behavior and had intercourse with the local people. The source also states that if the Chinese people

On book ( ideas and opinions) by Albert einstein Essay

On book ( ideas and opinions) by Albert einstein - Essay Example Religion is the endeavor of mankind to be thoroughly and clearly conscious of religious values and goals and expand their influence (Einstein 46). There has been an argument over the last century that conflict between knowledge and belief cannot be reconciled. Belief that does not depend on knowledge should be opposed. The school has played a significant role in providing knowledge to open ones way of thinking. Through clear thinking and understanding, we can be able to support convictions. Science teaches us how facts relate to each other or how they condition one another. One should use knowledge in the most complete and transparent approach to achieve goals of human aspirations. Intelligent thoughts play a role in the formulation of goals and moral judgments. It makes interrelation of ends means clear thus leading to fundamental and ultimate ends. Religion plays an extremely vital role in making clear the essential ends and valuations and setting them in the emotional life of a person. Authority of fundamental ends exists as powerful traditions in a healthy society. They come into existence through revelation via the medium of powerful personalities (Einstein 49). The Jewish-Christian religious tradition gives us the principles for ones judgments and aspirations. The tradition gives a firm basis of ones valuations and aspirations. Unfortunately, we can only get it inadequately with ones weak powers. The function of education is to promote a young person develop with fundament principles of science and religion. This will help them look for substance and not the form (Einstein 51). When we compare the above principles with life and spirit of ones times, we realize that we civilized are in danger. This has arises since the rulers are the ones striving to crush the spirit of humanity. Oppression of individuals, nationalism, and intolerance are the one that threaten to choke the cherished traditions (Einstein

Genetically Modified Organisms Research Proposal

Genetically Modified Organisms - Research Proposal Example However, the main argument against consumption of genetically modified organisms is that they might have dome harmful effects to their consumers. The data that will be used in this research will be collected using a number of data collection methods. The method that will be the most used is literature review. There are sufficient information from literature materials such as books, journals, blogs that can give more insight on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Munhall and Chenail 167). There will also be a study on the statistics on the health difference of people who consume more genetically modified organism and those who consume more. Genetic engineering and health official will also be interviewed with the aim of getting their views on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Denscombe 97). With the data that will be collected through the above mentioned methods, the researchers will carry out analysis through techniques such as filtering, retrieving value, computation, and sorting to come up with a clear conclusion on the total number of viable advantages and disadvantages that genetically modified organisms have (Ogden and Goldberg 175). With the result the researchers will be able to give a conclusion stating their thoughts on whether or not genetically modified organisms should be

Irish Literature in English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Irish Literature in English - Essay Example To what extent those pendulum movements characterize Irish literary identity With the rise of nationalism in Europe, the Irish nation sought to re-discover its own distinct culture, which had progressively been erased by the English hegemony over the Irish territory. While successive British governments had ignored Irish culture and language, the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922 allowed new possibilities for the nation to re-discover its forgotten cultural roots. To claim itself a nation-state, Ireland needed to find itself a true national identity (see B. Anderson 2000). As a consequence, national heroes (like Parnell), icons, symbols and traditions embodying national ideals, and the promotion of Irish past history and language, became new standards for self-definition of the nation. Literature obviously had to play an important role in the promotion of this new Irish national identity. The Irish Literary Revival, founded by William Butler Yeats, sought into Irish myths and folklore to discover or re-invent the true roots of Irish identity and get rid of colonialist stereotypes. This created a new Irish literature, developing along nostalgic visions of old rural Ireland (before industrialization) and adapting oral folklore to written narration. However, most poems and plays by Yeats were written in English, revealing a true miscegenation of cultures within the texts. Whereas Yeats' works reworked Irish myths and folklore, the strong influence of Percy Bysshe Shelley unveiled an English "shadow" on his texts. Yeats and the movement that he founded showed a strong will to take distance from the English culture, yet this defiance only proved that the English culture served as a landmark for the creation of an Irish national culture and literary tradition, hence showing that the English influence could never be totally erased. Minority voices versus Irish national literary conventions. Irish nationalists' striving for the recognition of Irish traditions indirectly conveyed a political message (to claim independence), so as to invent an intrinsic antithesis, the concept of "un-Irishness". Ignoring the new Irish national conventions, led by the Celtic Revival, came to be considered as an act of defiance against national standards, and authors who chose to criticize the national narrow conception of "Irishness" indirectly accepted (or sought) an ideological exile from the mainstream. Irish authors who showed a tough scepticism vis--vis new national standards, like James Joyce or Samuel Beckett, were in fact adopting an escape distance from the turbulent issues during the modern era. Writers chose a more peaceful way to deal with the Irish identity, through writing. They considered that re-inventing national traditions had paradoxically erased the liberty that Irish people were so much seeking on their

Genetically Modified Organisms Research Proposal

Genetically Modified Organisms - Research Proposal Example However, the main argument against consumption of genetically modified organisms is that they might have dome harmful effects to their consumers. The data that will be used in this research will be collected using a number of data collection methods. The method that will be the most used is literature review. There are sufficient information from literature materials such as books, journals, blogs that can give more insight on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Munhall and Chenail 167). There will also be a study on the statistics on the health difference of people who consume more genetically modified organism and those who consume more. Genetic engineering and health official will also be interviewed with the aim of getting their views on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Denscombe 97). With the data that will be collected through the above mentioned methods, the researchers will carry out analysis through techniques such as filtering, retrieving value, computation, and sorting to come up with a clear conclusion on the total number of viable advantages and disadvantages that genetically modified organisms have (Ogden and Goldberg 175). With the result the researchers will be able to give a conclusion stating their thoughts on whether or not genetically modified organisms should be